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Clinical diagnostics in Production Animals > Lecture 3 - Urogenital system, udder examination > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Urogenital system, udder examination Flashcards

1
Q

goal cow gestation duration in days

A

283 days

(9 months 12 days)

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2
Q

calving interval

A

1 year

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3
Q

what is the “service period”

A

the period between date of calving
and date of successful conception

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4
Q

a cow should be pregnant within how many days of previous calving?

A

within 82 days

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5
Q

uterine involution is usually complete by how many days after calving?

A

40 days

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6
Q

Examination of the female genital organs includes what 4 things

A
  1. External examination of the female genital system
  2. Rectal examination
  3. Vaginal examination
  4. Potential further diagnostic tests
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7
Q

Clear tacky vaginal discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

heat

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8
Q

Dark, red watery discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

48h after heat

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9
Q

lochia lasts for how long after calving

A

7-10 days

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10
Q

white discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

chronic problems of the uterus

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11
Q

Foul smelling, brown/red discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

acute infection of the uterus (inflammation)/ pyometra

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12
Q

fetal membranes are described as retained if they remain how long after calving

A

if they take longer than 24 hours to fall

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13
Q

Sinking of the anus in anterior direction/ The upper comissure of vulva is dragged forwards → distortion of
the vulva → fecal contamination may be seen in?

A

older cows (+ some breeds Charolais)

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14
Q

Rectal examination allows assessment of?

A

Placement, size and condition of
* Cervix
* Uterine body and horns
* Ovaries

Pregnancy
* Palpable from 6 weeks

Involution of uterus after calving

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15
Q

In older animals a part of/the whole uterus may hang over the pelvic brim (assessment via rectum) - in this case you may…

A

Attempt to retract the uterus into the pelvis (pull the intercornual ligament or scoop the whole uterus back to pelvis)

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16
Q

size of cervix in heifers?
older cows?

A

Heifers 2cm width + 4cm length,
older cows 4-5cm width + 8cm length

Just before and after calving the cervix feels softer to touch and is enlarged.

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17
Q

purpose of Broad ligament

A

Supports the genital tract, attached to pelvis on both sides

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18
Q

Main source of blood for the uterus

A

Middle uterine artery

Arises from the internal iliac artery.

The blood flow increases greatly as pregnancy progresses so that At 5months of pregnancy a turbulent flow is usually palpable within the middle uterine artery on the pregnant side of the uterus, towards the end on both sides.

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19
Q

Uterus feels much softer and slightly wider than the cervix during which phase of estrus

A

anestrus

The uterine horns in heifers → same size, 2cm wide.

Older animals → difference of size because of earlier pregnancies.

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20
Q

uterus feels Turgid and tightly coiled during which phase of estrus

A

during estrus

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21
Q

location of ovaries upon rectal exam

A

Located on the pelvic floor approximately at the level of uterine body-horn junction

  • Left ovary may have slipped
    under the anterior border of the
    broad ligament (cause of the rumen)
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22
Q

size of inactive and active ovaries

A

inactive ovaries are 1-1,5cm Ø
Active ovaries are 2,5-3cm Ø

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23
Q

describe follicles upon palpation

A

Fluid filled and readily compressible structure.

  • Smooth surface, often rising above the ovarian surface
  • More than one follicle may be present → mature follicle is up to 2cm Ø, soft to touch
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24
Q

describe corpus luteum upon palpation

A

Firm and non-compressible to the touch ”a mushroom”

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25
Q

describe cysts upon palpation

A

Cystic ovarian disease
* Common, usually one ovary is
involved
* Size greater than 2,5cm Ø

Luteal cyst
* Symptoms – anoestrus, signs of virilism
* Thick wall, progesterone is secreted

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26
Q

Rectal examination - ultrasound enables pregnancy diagnosis from what day

A

At 25 days (necessary to check again 45-75 days)

Viability of the fetus – heartbeats, movements.

In later pregnancy only fluid and cotyledons

27
Q

When fully dilated, what cannot be distinguished from the vagina/uterus

A

the cervix

28
Q

The vaginal lumen should be

A

clean and empty, any contents may
be pathological

29
Q

A female twin to a male calf is called a

A

freemartin

May have a prominent clitoris, always has
shortened vagina and no cervix → cannot
be inseminated. Sterile.

30
Q

Hydrops allantois refers to

A

refer to the pathologic accumulation of excessive fetal fluid within the allantoic compartment of the placenta.

the allantois is one of the fetal membranes, and is part of and forms an axis for the development of the umbilical cord.

Seen in later pregnancy.
* Cow in poor condition, severe abdominal distension because of excess fluid in the uterus
* Calf is small, numerous small accessory
cotyledons

31
Q

Hydrops amnion is

A

an accumulation of excessive fluid in the amnionic space.

Seen from 6 months of pregnancy.
* Cow in good condition, normal cotyledons
* Calf palpable, often with cleft palate

32
Q

age of puberty for bulls?
when are they used for breeding?

A

Puberty at (4…6…) 9 months,

used as breeding bulls usually after 18 months

33
Q

Scrotal circumference at the largest point should be approx.

A

28-35cm

34
Q

The pointed anterior tip of the penis can be palpated through

A

the preputial skin 10cm or more caudal to the preputial orifice

35
Q

penile sigmoid flexure may be palpated where

A

caudal to the scrotum

36
Q

location of left kidney in bovine

A

Left kidney lies beneath 3.-5. lumbar vertebrae, suspended in a fold of mesentery (distended rumen pushes it to the midline).

left kidney palpable per rectum

37
Q

location of right kidney in bovine

A

Right kidney lies beneath the are of 12th thoracic vertebrae – 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

38
Q

bovine bladder upon Rectal examination

A

Empty bladder lies in the pelvis.
Distended bladder lies in the peritoneal cavity just anterior to the pelvic brim.

  • Females – beneath uterus
  • Males – beneath rectum

Rectal examination → tense, rounded
viscus

39
Q

noteworthy anatomical feature in the context of bovine urinary catherization

A

Small blind suburethral diverticulum arising from the caudal border of the external urethral orifice (difficult to catheterise).

40
Q

Urethral exam occurs how

A

In male cattle, the urethra is palpable per rectum →
firm, muscular tube Ø1,5cm

Note: Can’t catheterize (because of the
sigmoid flexure)

41
Q

bovine urine ph

A

7-8 so slightly alkaline

42
Q

Dysuria =

A

defined as the sensation of pain and/or burning, stinging, or itching of the urethra or urethral meatus associated with urination.

may be accompanied by frequent passage of small amounts of
urine.

43
Q

some causes of proteinuria can be (4)

A

Proteinuria = presence of exessive protein in urine

  • Causes: glomerulonephritis, renal infarction, nephrosis, amyloidosis
44
Q

what is sulfonamide poisoning

A

Sulfonamides are the oldest and remain among the most widely used antibacterial agents in veterinary medicine, chiefly because of their low cost and relative efficacy in some common bacterial diseases.

can cause Haematuria in bovine

45
Q

what are downer cows

A

A cow becomes recumbent when it is unable to stand. A recumbent cow is often described as being ‘down’ and when it has been recumbent for a prolonged period as a ‘downer cow’.

There are many causes of a downer cow, including: 1) Trauma at or after calving: Bone fracture or nerve paralysis.

46
Q

ectopic ureter

A

A ureter that does not connect properly to the bladder and drains somewhere outside of the bladder is called an ectopic ureter.

47
Q

Most common bovine urinary system diseases - kidneys

A

Pyelonephritis
Cystitis
Urolithiasis
Haemoglobinuria due to babesiosis

48
Q

in cattle uroliths are usually

A

calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate

49
Q

Ca/P ratio should be what in the diet

A

2:1

50
Q

Babesiosis in cattle

A

Ticks spread the disease

Clinical signs: pyrexia (43C), depression, anorexia, Haemoglobinuria, anemia

51
Q

Examination of the mammary gland includes (3)

A
  • Visual inspection
  • Palpation
  • Milk examination
52
Q

most common pathogens to cause mastitis (4)

A

E. coli
Staph. aureus
Strep. agalactiae
Streptococcus uberis

53
Q

California mastitis test (CMT) is used to

A

diagnose subclinical mastitis

Equal amount of milk and CMT liquid → the more viscous the mixture becomes, the greater is the somatic cell count (>200 000 somatic cells in milk – starts to coagulate)

54
Q

Early in the course of the mastitis, approx. 24-36h before the rise in the SCC, there is

A

an increase in the sodium (Na) and chloride

(the Cl concentration increases the electric conductivity)

so electric conductivity of milk is used a a diagnostic tool for mastitis cases

55
Q

SCC in mastitis

A

somatic cell count >200 000 → subclinical mastitis

56
Q

SCC in chronic mastitis

A

somatic cell count > 250 000 3 months in a row

S. aureus often the cause

57
Q

most common pathogenic causing summer mastitis

A

Trueperella pyogenes

Usually dry cows

Severe suppurative mastitis, severe systematic symptoms, permanent damage to udder tissue

58
Q

Most common type of udder ligament rupture is

A

The medial ligament rupture

Results in lateral displacement of the right and left halves of the distal udder
* Teats splaying outwards

59
Q

Intertrigo is

A

is a superficial inflammatory skin condition of the skin’s flexural surfaces, prompted or irritated by warm temperatures, friction, moisture, maceration, and poor ventilation.

so inflammation of the folds between two halves of udder or between udder and leg

60
Q

Teat conditions caused by milking (3)

A

hyperkeratosis
hematomas
swollen teats

61
Q

Diseases of the teats causing vesicles (4)

A

Pseudocowpox
Bovine herpes mammilitis
Foot and mouth disease (NOT IN ESTONIA)
Cowpox

All are zoonoses except bovine herpes virus.

62
Q

Which mastitis pathogens are spread mainly in manure, bedding and feed?

A

E.coli and Klebsiella

63
Q

Which heat sign is most accurate?

A

standing reflex

64
Q

What is causing the teat hyperkeratosis?

A

milk machine faults

Clinical diagnostics in Production Animals (6 decks)

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