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BIOL 366 > Lecture 4- Mineral Wetlands > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Mineral Wetlands Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wetland?

A

Land that is saturated with water long enough to promote wetland or aquatic processes as indicated by poorly drained soils, hydrophytic vegetation and various kinds of biological activity that are adapted to a wet environment

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2
Q

What creates a wetland?

A

When it hits up against bedrock, cant flow up so it pools up against the canadian shield = physical barrier

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3
Q

Wetlands follow the distribution of ________

A

Canadian Shield

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4
Q

What are the two characteristics of wetland hydrology?

A
  1. Seasonal water fluctuations
  2. Amount of water flowing through system
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5
Q

Describe the two characteristics of wetland chemistry

A
  1. Nutrient availability
  2. pH (acidity or alkalinity) - associated with how much ground water is being accessed
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6
Q

What happens to pH if lots of ground water?

A

Higher pH

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7
Q

What happens to pH if less ground water or flowing water?

A

Lower pH

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8
Q

What are the two biotic characteristics of wetlands?

A
  1. Development of organic ground layer
  2. Presence of trees
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9
Q

What is a key aspect of wetlands?

A

Not all wetlands are the same and can appear on different gradients, no defining feature just a gradient

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10
Q

Wetlands differ by what characteristics?

A
  1. Moisture regime
  2. Nutrient regime
  3. Hydrodynamic regime
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11
Q

What does moisture regime mean?

A

Refers to the soil moisture

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12
Q

What does nutrient regime mean?

A

Refers to amount of soil nutrients available

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13
Q

What does Hydrodynamic regime mean?

A

Refers to flow of water

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14
Q

What is hydric?

A

Always saturated

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15
Q

What is hygric?

A

Sometimes saturated (periodically saturated)

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16
Q

What is mesic?

A

No standing water, but moderate soil moisture

17
Q

What are some characteristics of mineral wetlands?

A
  • Characterized by mineral rich soils
  • Soil is poorly developed (less decomposition, less oxygen)
  • No accumulation of peat layer
  • Excess water collects on soil surface then flow into sediment and out of wetland
  • Can recharge adjacent ground water
  • Connectivity to ground water
  • Store excess water, slow flow down, can release excess water over time without damage
  • Can take contaminants, cleaning of water thats coming in
  • Store lots of carbon (settles in sediment)
  • Important for hydrology of landscape
18
Q

Describe water levels of shallow open water wetlands

A

Contains water all year round and is less than 2m deep

19
Q

What vegetation is present in shallow open water wetlands?

A
  • Water is too deep for emergent vegetation
  • Aquatic and floating vegetation
20
Q

Are there fish and duck present in shallow open water wetlands?

A
  • Fish, including some sportfish
  • More diversity of fish population = duck diving population that dive for fish
21
Q

Describe the water levels in marshes

A

Shallow surface water, fluctuating levels

22
Q

What are marshes fed by?

A

Patch of open water fed by surface flow, precipitation, snow melt and can be short lived

23
Q

What vegetation is present in marshes?

A
  • Supports emergent vegetation
  • Higher rates of decomposition b/c it dies in winter which means more nutrient availability
24
Q

Describe water levels of swamps

A
  • Forested wetland
  • Water levels at or above ground surface
  • Dryer than other wetlands
25
Q

Can swamps form peat?

A

Yes

26
Q

What are the three types of swamps?

A
  1. Coniferous swamps
  2. Hardwood swamps
  3. Shrub swamps
27
Q

What are the two location types of swamps?

A
  1. Float (basin or bottom of slope)
  2. Sloped (side of hill, water flowing down)
28
Q

How are deltas created?

A

Created when fast flowing water flows into stiller water

29
Q

What builds up over time in deltas?

A

Sediment, can rise above surface and get colonization of plants

30
Q

True or False? Deltas are highly productive

A

True (high nutrient load, increased primary productivity, support high biodiversity, b/c plant decomposition and water flow)

31
Q

What is the largest in land delta in North America?

A

Peace-Athabasca delta

32
Q

Is the Peace-Athabasca delta still being fed?

A

No, can only be replenished by periodic flooding (behind ice)

33
Q

What is the largest delta in Canada?

A

Mackenzie Delta

34
Q

The Mackenzie delta is an important _________

A

Important bird area (IBA)

35
Q

What challenges does the Mackenzie delta face?

A

Faces pressures from drilling and seismic activity

36
Q

What does the drying of the Mackenzie delta do?

A

Results in a change in vegetation, habitat type cover and species composition

37
Q

What is the largest wetland in Canada?

A

Hudsons Bay Lowlands

BIOL 366 (33 decks)

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