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BIOL 366 > Lecture 30- Northern Invertebrates > Flashcards

Lecture 30- Northern Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Why are inverts important?

A
  • Important ecological functions (decomposers, pollinators, nutrient cycling)
  • Important food for wildlife (birds, fish)
  • Vectors of disease
  • Affect wildlife movement (avoiding biting insects)
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2
Q

What contributes to the low invertebrate diversity?

A
  • Short growing season
  • Low humidity
  • Low precipitation
  • Low incident radiation
  • Poor quality soils
  • Low primary productivity
  • Year round low temperatures
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3
Q

Describe the seasonality of invertebrates

A
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4
Q

What is dormancy in inverts?

A

Development from egg to adult is interrupted

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5
Q

What are the two types of dormancy in inverts?

A
  1. Quiscence
  2. Diapause
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6
Q

What is quiescence?

A

Halted or slowed development as a result of unfavourable conditions

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7
Q

What is diapause?

A

Metabolic shutdown

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8
Q

What are the two types of diapause?

A
  1. Directly induced development (DID)
  2. Cue induced development (CID)
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9
Q

What is directly induced development (DID)?

A

Metabolic shutdown triggered by temperature

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10
Q

What is cue induced development (CID)?

A

Metabolic shutdown triggered by cue that precedes unfavourable conditions (ie. photoperiod)

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11
Q

Describe the process of dormancy in inverts

A
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12
Q

Inverts are ______

A

Poikilothermic

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13
Q

What is poikilothermic?

A

Body temperature is dependent on ambient temperature

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14
Q

Metabolic rate is ____ at colder temperatures

A

Higher

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15
Q

What are some physiological adaptations of inverts?

A
  • Migration, dormancy
  • Freezing tolerance
  • Cryoprotective dehydration
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15
Q

What is cryoprotective dehydration?

A

Keep body fluids in vapour pressure equilibrium with the surrounding ice

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16
Q

What is freeze tolerance?

A

Tolerate the formation of ice in body tissue (only in extracellular space)

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17
Q

Are three cryoprotectants used for freeze tolerance?

A
  1. Polyols and sugars (cell membrane protection and repair)
  2. Thermal hysteresis proteins (THP) (depresses freezing of hemolymph, proteins bind to ice crystals to slow growth)
  3. Ice nucleating agents (INA) (induce ice formation in extracellular fluid, minimizes intracellular freezing)
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18
Q

What are some adaptations of inverts to dehydration?

A
  • Tolerate loss = maintain high water content, survive low water content, enter cryoprotective dehydration
  • Limit water loss = live in protected microhabitats, build external structures or coating, close spiracles, seal cuticle
19
Q

Cryoprotective dehydration is common in ?

A

Springtails

20
Q

____ is highly permeable to water

A

Cuticle

21
Q

Avoid freezing by _________

A

Extreme water loss (approach a state of anhydrobiosis, cells contain only minimal amounts of water, no metabolic activity)

22
Q

What are some morphological adaptations of inverts?

A
  • Wing reduction = brachyptery
  • Wing loss = aptery
  • Wing production is costly
  • Trade off between dispersal capabilities and loss of reproductive fitness
  • Melanistic colourations
23
Q

Why is wing production costly?

A
  • Higher energy requirement
  • Longer development time
  • Fecundity
24
Q

What is a benefit to melanistic colouration?

A
  • Some butterflies
  • Increased pigmentation
  • Raised body temperatures through more efficient heat absorption
  • Mostly in females (sexual selection against dark pigments in males?)
25
Q

What are some behavioural adaptations in inverts?

A
  • Basking
  • Habitat selection
  • Pre-activity warm up
26
Q

What are some examples of pre-activity warm ups?

A
  • Shivering = bubblebees
  • Solarium = Arctic spiders spin a silk solarium which traps air and the sunlight warms up the air, the spider basks in the air bubble
27
Q

There are only ____ species of bombus in the high Arctic

A

Two

28
Q

For Bombus polaris, only the ____ survives the winter

A

Queens

29
Q

Bombus polaris will ____ if it is too cold to fly

A

Crawl (can fly down to -4C)

30
Q

Bombus polaris nest in ?

A

Empty rodent burrows

31
Q

What do the first and second batch of eggs for bombus polaris turn into?

A
  • 1st = develop into sterile female workers
  • 2nd = fertile males and fertile queens
32
Q

How does bombus polaris raise their body temperature?

A

Raise temperature through shivering

33
Q

________ finds and kills queens of B. polaris and use resident worker to raise their own young

A

Queens of Bombus hyperboreus

34
Q

Most blood sucking invertebrates in the north are?

A

Most are flies (Diptera)

35
Q

Describe some characteristics of bloodsucking insects in the north

A
  • 300+ species of bloodsucking insects in boreal forests
  • < 10% targets humans
  • Females use blood to nourish eggs
  • Most drink nectar and are important pollinators
36
Q

The larvae of flies are ?

A

Aquatic

37
Q

What is the lifecycle of the blackfly?

A
38
Q

What is the lifecycle of mosquitoes?

A
39
Q

How do biting insects find their victims?

A
  • Follow the scent of exhaled CO2
  • Can also use other odors (lactic acid, acetone, urinary phenols)
  • Vision and body heat of victim used to select a landing site (lighter clothing might make it harder to find you)
40
Q

What are behavioural effects biting insects have on wildlife?

A
  • Caribou = move to areas that are windy and cooler, If no wind move constantly, seek snow patches
  • Bison = reduce foraging time, groom, use wallows
41
Q

What are some physiological effects biting insects have on wildlife?

A
  • Low body score = less time spent foraging
  • Lower fall calf body mass = lower rates of lactation in mothers
  • Energetic costs of healing insect wounds
  • Spread of pathogens
  • Effects population productivity (lower survivorship of calves and females less likely to reproduce)
42
Q

Describe the relationship between warble fly and caribou

A
  • Females lay eggs on skin of caribou
  • Larvae burrow in the skin (feed on fatty layers and protein)
  • Bore back through skin (leaves holes in caribou hide)
43
Q

____ warble fly abundance results in ____ in caribou health and pregnancy rates

A
  • High
  • Huge declines
44
Q

What are some effects of climate change on insects?

A
  • Faster rate of development
  • Increased overall insect abundance
  • Longer season of insect exposure
  • Loss of snow patches
  • Introduction of new insects species and pathogens

BIOL 366 (33 decks)

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