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BIOL 366 > Lecture 25- Animal Adaptations I > Flashcards

Lecture 25- Animal Adaptations I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four ecological rules applied to northern animals?

A
  1. Rapoports rule
  2. Bergmanns rule
  3. Allens rule
  4. Glogs rule
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2
Q

What is rapoports rule?

A

Geographic ranges of species are larger at higher latitudes

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3
Q

Rapoports rule explains why there is ____ near the equator

A

Higher diversity (smaller ranges = more species in the same area)

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4
Q

Larger ranges = ____ species

A

No room for new species

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5
Q

Rapoports rule doesn’t hold true for all species but seems to hold true for species ______

A

Species > 40 degree north

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6
Q

What is Bergmanns rule?

A

Body size of individuals within a single species gets larger further north

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7
Q

Bergmanns rule is related to what?

A
  • Migration ability
  • Starvation resistance
  • Heat conservation
  • Resource availability
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8
Q

As temperature increases, ____ decreases

A

Body mass decreases

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9
Q

What species is a good example of bergmanns rule for northern species and describe why?

A
  • Example = Woodpecker
  • Downy woodpecker = the wing length increases further north
  • Hairy woodpeckers = Body size increases further north (tropics = 40g, Alaska = 120g)
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10
Q

What is the heat conservation hypothesis?

A

Larger individuals have a reduced surface area to volume ratio (radiate less body heat)

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11
Q

What are some exceptions to heat conservation hypothesis?

A
  • Generally applicable to mammals
  • Mustelids and small mammals typically dont follow this rule
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12
Q

What is the resource availability hypothesis?

A

Body size is proportional to productivity

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13
Q

Describe mid latitude and northern large bodies animals using resource availability hypothesis

A
  • Mid-latitude = not constrained by low resources
  • Low latitudes = not constrained by competition (less species for the same resource)
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14
Q

What is Allens rule?

A

Animals adapted to cold have shorter limbs and smaller protruding body parts

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15
Q

Allens rule is related to what?

A

Surface area = volume ratio

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16
Q

Reduced limbs =?

A

Maintains core warmth

17
Q

What is Glogers rule?

A

Individuals within related species have lighter pigment further north (based on lower levels of melanin)

18
Q

What are some mechanisms of Glogers rule?

A
  • Camoflauge
  • Photoprotection (darker skin protects from UV radiation)
19
Q

What are some exceptions to Glogers rule?

A

Polar bears = white fur but black skin

20
Q

Winter is a season of decrease in what types of energy?

A
  • Solar energy
  • Thermal energy
  • Nutritional energy
21
Q

Describe winter energetics

A

Organisms must balance trade offs of energy supply with survival

22
Q

What is energy budget?

A

How organisms allocate resources

23
Q

What is the largest during the winter energy budget?

A

Maintenance

24
Q

What are included in the energy budget?

A
  • Maintenance
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Activity
25
Q

What are some avoidance options in the winter?

A
  • Migration
  • Hibernation/torpor
26
Q

What are some resistance options in the winter?

A
  • Hibernation/torpor
  • Cold bodies in cold environments
  • Warm bodies in cold environments
27
Q

What is migration?

A

Periodic or seasonal movement

28
Q

What triggers migration?

A

Usually photoperiod

29
Q

Why do organisms migrate?

A
  • Avoid harsh environmental conditions
  • Exploit seasonally rich food resources
  • Avoid competition (intraspecific and interspecific)
30
Q

What species are predominantly migrators?

A

Predominantly birds

31
Q

Why do mammals not migrate as much?

A

Mammals would spend 10X more energy than bird of equivalent weight

32
Q

What are some examples of species that migrate long distances?

A

Snow geese, shorebirds, passerines, arctic terns, some birds of prey

33
Q

What are some examples of species that migrate short distances?

A

Dall sheep, caribou, narwal, beluga, bowhead whales and moose moving to seasonal ranges

34
Q

What are the four types of migration corridors?

A
  1. Atlantic flyway
  2. Mississippi flyway
  3. Central flyway
  4. Pacific flyway
35
Q

What are some new challenges in wintering grounds?

A
  • Parasites
  • Disease
  • Predators
  • Disturbances
36
Q

Northern Wheaters migrate where?

A
  • Alaska to Kenya
  • Baffin island to Mauritania
37
Q

Grey Whales migrate where?

A
  • Migrate to Arctic to feed on lipid rich zooplankton
  • Reproduce in California
38
Q

What is vertical migration?

A

Movement within water column

39
Q

Describe the vertical migration of Calanus finmarchicus zooplankton

A
  • Migrate to water surface during phytoplankton bloom
  • Return to deep water after bloom (few predators and low competition)

BIOL 366 (33 decks)

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