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Human Physiology 2 - Unit 1 - Zach H. > Lecture 4: General Sensory Mechanisms I > Flashcards

Lecture 4: General Sensory Mechanisms I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic types of sensory receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Electromagnetic Receptors
  • Chemoreceptors
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2
Q

What is the definition of “differential sensitivity?

A

Each type of receptor is highly sensitive to one type of stimulus and is almost nonresponsiveness to other types.

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3
Q

What does modality refer to?

A

Refers to each of the prinicipal types of sensation.

**the functions of cranial nerves are called modalities**

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4
Q

What does “labeled line principle” refer to?

A

Refers to the specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation.

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5
Q

What are nociceptors and what to they respond to?

A

Free nerve endings responding to pain.

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6
Q

What is an example in the human body of an electromagnetic receptor and what does it do?

A

Rods and Cones of the eye for vision.

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7
Q

Give some examples that chemoreceptors respond to in the body.

A
  • taste
  • smell
  • arterial oxygen
  • osmolarity
  • blood carbon dioxide
  • blood glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
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8
Q

What doe thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Cold and Warm Receptors

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9
Q

True or False:

Mechanoreceptors include both free and incapsulated endings receiving skin tactile sensibilities.

A

True

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10
Q

What is an example of expanded tip endings of mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel’s Discs

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11
Q

Give three examples of encapsulated endings of mechanoreceptors.

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Kraus’ corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
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12
Q

Which corpuscle is considered a spray ending of a mechanoreceptor?

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

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13
Q

What mechanoreceptors are associated with hearing, equilibrium, and arterial pressure?

A
  • Hearing
    • sound receptors of cochlea
  • Equilibrium
    • vestibular receptors
  • Arterial Pressure
    • baroreceptors
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14
Q

True or False:

Some sensory receptors adapt either partially or completely to any constant stimulus after a period of time.

A

False - ALL sensory receptors adapt either partially or completely to any constant stimulus after a period of time.

**some receptors adapt to a far greater extent than others**

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15
Q

What the four mechanisms of stimulation for receptors?

A
  • Mechanical Deformation
  • Application of a Chemical
  • Temperature Change
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of tonic receptors?

A
  • slow adapting
  • detect continuous stimulus strength
  • transmit impulses as long as stimulus is present
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17
Q

Name the different types of tonic receptors.

A
  • muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • macula and vestibular receptors
  • baroreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
18
Q

What are the characteristics of phasic receptors?

A
  • rapidly adapting
  • do NOT transmit a continuous signal
  • stimulated only when stimulus strength changes
  • transmit information regarding rate of change
19
Q

What are the two main types of nerve fibers?

A
  • Type A
  • Type C
20
Q

What are type A nerve fibers further subdivided into?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
  • delta
21
Q

Is the type A nerve fiber myelinated, and what is its size compared to type C nerve fibers?

A
  • Large and medium in size
  • Myelinated fibers of spinal nerves
22
Q

What are the characteristics of Type C nerve fibers?

A
  • small, unmyelinated fibers
  • conduct signals at low velocity
  • make up more than half of all sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves and all postganglionic autonomic fibers
23
Q

True or False:

Type C nerve fibers make up more than half of all sensory fibers in most peripheral nerves and all postganglionic autonomic fibers.

A
24
Q

What group and type of nerve fiber does fibers from annulospiral endings of muscle spindles?

A

Group Ia (Type A-alpha fibers)

25
Q

What nerve fiber group and type do fibers from the Golgi tendon organs arise?

A

Group Ib (Type A-alpha fibers)

26
Q

What group and type do cutaneous tactile receptors and flower-spray nerve fibers come from?

A

Group II (Type alpha, beta, and gamma fibers)

27
Q

Which group and type of nerve fibers carry temperature, crude touch, and pricking pain sensations?

A

Group III (Type alpha and delta fibers)

28
Q

Which group and type of nerve fibers carry pain, itch, temperature, and crude touch? Besides Group III (Type alpha and delta fibers).

A

Group IV (Type C fibers)

29
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Increase signal strength by increasing frequency of nerve impulses in each fiber.

*refer to figure 47-8*

30
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Increasing signal strength is transmitted by using progressively greater number of fibers.

  • entire cluster of nerve endings from one pain fiber covers an area of skin referred to as the receptor field for that fiber
  • number of endings is large in center of field but is reduced in periphery
  • nerve endings from one pain fiber overlap those of other pain fibers
31
Q

List some examples of neurons that are associated with a “neuronal pool”.

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal nuclei
  • thalamic nuclei
  • cerebellum
  • mesencephalon
  • pons
  • medulla
  • gray matter of spinal cord
32
Q

What is the stimulatory field of a neuronal pool?

A
  • neuronal area within the pool stimulated by each incoming nerve fiber
  • terminals for each input fiber lie on the nearest neuron in its field
  • fewer terminals for each input fiber lie on neurons further away
33
Q

What is the discharge zone of a neuronal pool?

A

Includes ALL the output fibers stimulated by the incoming fiber.

34
Q

What are the facilitated/inhibition zones of the neuronal pool?

A
  • neurons further from the discharge zone that are facilitated but not excited
  • may be inhibitory or excitatory depending on the input fiber
35
Q

Name as many of the 9 somatic sensory endings that you can.

A
  • free nerve endings
  • expanded tip receptor
  • tactile hair
  • Pacinian corpuscle
  • Meissner’s corpuscle
  • Krause’s corpuscle
  • Ruffini’s endings
  • Golgi tendon apparatus
  • Muscle spindle
36
Q

What are diverging neuronal pathways in the neuronal pool?

A
  • may result in amplification of initial signal
  • may allow transmission of original signal to separate areas

**In divergent circuits one incoming fiber triggers a response in a large number of new neurons which are part of the circuit. These circuits amplify the signal along the path and they are found in the sensory and well as motor system.**

37
Q

What are converging neuronal pathways in the neuronal pool?

A
  • multiple input fibers converge onto a single output neuron
  • input fibers may be from a single source or from multiple searate sources

**Converging circuits work in a manner that is reversed from that of diverging circuits. This circuit causes stimulation and inhibition. They are common in both the sensory as well as motor pathways.**

38
Q

What are reverberatory circuits (oscillatory circuits) caused by?

A

Caused by positive feedback within neronal circuit.

39
Q

True or False:

When a reverberatory circuit is stimulated it may discharge repetitively for a long time.

A

True

40
Q
A

Human Physiology 2 - Unit 1 - Zach H. (9 decks)

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