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Human Physiology 2 - Unit 1 - Zach H. > Lecture 3: Brain Function > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Brain Function Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

100 Billion Neurons

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cortical neurons?

A

> Granular (stellate)
Fusiform
Pyramidal

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3
Q

Between fusiform and pyramidal cortical neurons, which one is smaller output neurons and which is large output neurons?

A

Fusiform -> smaller output neurons.

Pyramidal -> large output neurons.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of granular (stellate) cortical neurons?

A

> short axons
interneurons
both excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA)

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5
Q

What function does cerebral cortex layers I, II, and III have?

A

Intracortical association functions

bring together all signals

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6
Q

What function does cerebral cortex layers V and VI have?

A

> origin of most output signals

> fibers to thalamus from VI

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7
Q

What function does the cerebral cortex layer IV have?

A

> termination of most incoming specific sensory signals

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8
Q

Objective 2: describe the functional relationship of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus and brain stem.

A

Read about the “thalamocortical system” in the book.

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9
Q

What do primary motor areas direct?

A

Direct connections with specific muscles.

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10
Q

What does the primary sensory areas detect?

A

Detect specific sensations.

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11
Q

What does the secondary motor areas provide?

A

Provide patterns of motor activity.

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12
Q

What does the secondary sensory areas analyze?

A

Analyze meanings of specific sensory signals.

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13
Q

Which sulcus separates the voluntary motor and somatosensory portions of the brain?

A

Central Sulcus

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14
Q

What is the function of association areas of the brain?

A

Association areas receive and analyze signals simultaneously from multiple motor and sensory cortices.

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15
Q

Name the association areas of the brain.

A

> Parieto-occipitotemporal association area

> Prefrontal association area

> Wernicke’s area

> Broca’s area

> Limbic association area

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16
Q

What are the sub-areas that make-up the parieto-occipitotemporal association area?

A

> area for analysis of spatial coordinates

> Wernicke’s area

> Angular gyrus area

> Area for naming objects

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17
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal association area?

A

Receives preanalyzed sensory information (esp concerning spatial coordinates) necessary for planning efective movements.

“important in planning motor activity”

Carriers out “thought” processes in the mind

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18
Q

Where does the output signal from the prefrontal association area pass through?

A

Output passes through caudate portion of basal ganglia.

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19
Q

True or False:

The Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area do not communicate.

A

False - the Broca’s area works closely with Wernicke’s area

20
Q

What is Broca’s area function to do? Also, what side of the brain is Broca’s area typically dominant on?

A

> Provides circuitry for word formation

> Works closely with Wernicke’s area

> Almost always dominant on left side of brain

21
Q

What is the function of the Limbic association area?

A

> Concerned with behavior, emotions, and motivation

22
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area of the brain?

A

Language Comprehension

** Area where somatic, visual, and auditory association areas all meet one another in the posterior part of the superior temporal lobe **

** Located on left side in almost all right-handed people **

23
Q

What major role does the Wernicke’s area play?

A

Wernicke’s area plays the greatest single role of any part of the cerebral cortex for intelligence.

24
Q

What is the activated Wernicke’s area able to do?

A

Activation of Wernicke’s area may be able to call forth complicated memory patterns involving more than one sensory modality.

25
Q

True or False:

The activation of the Wernicke’s area may be able to call forth complicated memory patterns involving more than one sensory modality.

A

True

26
Q

True or False:

Some association areas are not bilaterally symmetrical:
> Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus are more developed in the left hemisphere in 95% of the population.

> Broca’s area is almost always dominant in the left hemisphere.

> Motor areas for controlling hands are also dominant in the left hemisphere in 90% of people.

A

TRUE

27
Q

Facial recognition is an important task for to function as a physician. Which two lobes of the brain does the facial recognition area span?

A

> Occipital
- occipital portion of facial recognition area is next to the visual cortex

> Temporal
- temporal portion is closely associated with the limbic system

28
Q

What does damage to the facial recognition area result in ?

A

Extensive damage to this area results in prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces).

29
Q

What are the characteristics of a patient that presents with a prefrontal lobotomy?

A

> loss of ability to solve complex problems

> inability to string together sequential tasks to reach complex goals

> inability to do several parallel tasks at the same time

> decrease in level of aggressiveness (ambition)

> inappropriate social responses

> inability to carry through long trains of through

> loss of purpose while performing usual motor pattern functions

30
Q

What abilities are attributed to the brain’s working memory?

A

> prognostication

> planning for future

> delay in response to incoming sensory signals

> ability to consider consequences of motor actions

> ability to solve complicated mathematical, legal, or philosophical problems

> control of activities in accord with moral law

31
Q

What is the main function of the corpus callosum?

A

> The corpus callosum is the major commissure between the two hemispheres.

32
Q

What happens if the corpus callosum is cut?

A

> blocking of transfer of information from Wernicke’s area to nondominant motor cortex

> prevention of the transfer of somatic and visual information from right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area

> results in two entirely separate conscious portions of the brain

33
Q

When speaking a heard word, is the angular gyrus involved?

A

NO, only when speaking a written word.

34
Q

Where does the sensory transmission start when speaking a written word?

A

The occipital lobe.

35
Q

Where does the sensory transmission start when speaking a heard word?

A

primary auditory area in the temporal lobe

36
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Refers to memory of various details of an integrated thought.

37
Q

What is included in declarative memory?

A

> memory of surroundings

> memory to time relationships

> memory of causes of experience

> memory of meaning of experience

> memory of deductions as a result of experience

38
Q

What is reflexive (skill) memory associated with?

A

Associated with motor activities.

39
Q

What is an example of short-term memory and how long does it last?

A

> exemplified by memory of a telephone number

> lasts only as long as person thinks of number or facts (seconds)

40
Q

How long does intermediate long-term memory last?

A

> lasts many minutes or weeks

> may become long-term memory (more permanent) if memory traces are activated enough

41
Q

What does stimulation of facilitator presynaptic terminal at the same time that sensory terminal is stimulated cause?

A

Serotonin release at facilitator synapse.

studied in Aplysia (sea snail)

42
Q

What do serotonin receptors in the sensory terminal membrane of Aplysia activate?

A

Adenyl cyclase -> cAMP

43
Q

What does the cAMP activate?

A

potassium channels

44
Q

How long is the potassium channel blocked in the serotonin released sensory pathway in Aplysia?

A

Potassium channel is blocked for minutes to weeks.

45
Q

What does the blocking of potassium channels in Aplysia cause?

A

Lack of potassium conductance causes greatly prolonged action potential in synapse terminal.

  • this prolonged action potential causes prolong activation of calcium channels*
  • prolonged activation of calcium channels prolongs transmitter release*
46
Q

What structure changes happen in long-term memory?

A

> increase in vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter substance

> increase in number of transmitter vesicles released

> increase in number of presynaptic terminals

> changes in structures of the dendritic spines

Human Physiology 2 - Unit 1 - Zach H. (9 decks)

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