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Human Physiology 2 - Unit 1 - Zach H. > Lecture 1: CNS Development and Brain Divisions > Flashcards

Lecture 1: CNS Development and Brain Divisions Flashcards

1
Q

During what embryonic stage does the formation of the nervous system occur?

A

end of 2nd week - end of 8th week

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages in Neural Tube Development?

A
  1. Neural Plate
  2. Neural Folds
  3. Neural Tube
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3
Q

What kind of early tissue layer covers the embryo?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium = Ectoderm

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4
Q

What kind of epithelium does ectoderm turn into that covers the Neural Plate?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium along dorsum of embryo becomes simple columnar epithelium = Neural Plate.

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5
Q

How is the neural folds formed?

A

Thickened neural plate folds along the anterior-posterior axis to form the neural groove flanked by the Neural Folds.

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6
Q

What forms the neural tube?

A

Opposing edges of the neural folds fuse along the anterior-posterior axis to form the Neural Tube, which separates from the simple cuboidal ectoderm.

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7
Q

At what day does the superior (anterior or cranial) neuropore close by?

A

Day 27

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8
Q

At what day does the inferior (posterior or caudal) neuropore close by?

A

Day 30

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9
Q

What 3 subdivisions of the cranial end of the neural tube make up the Tripartite Brain?

A

> Prosencephalon (forebrain)

> Mesencephalon (midbrain)

> Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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10
Q

What 5 subdivisions of the cranial end of the neural tube make up he Pentapartite Brain?

A

> Telencephalon (most anterior)
Diencephalon

> Mesencephalon

> Metencephalon
Mylencephalon

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11
Q

Which two subdivisions make up the rhombencephalon (hindbrain)?

A

> Metencephalon

> Mylencephalon

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12
Q

Which subdivision makes up the mesecephalon (midbrain)?

A

> Mesencephalon

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13
Q

Which two subdivisions make up the prosencephalon (forebrain)?

A

> Telencephalon (most anterior)

> Diencephalon

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14
Q

True or False:

The mesencephalon (midbrain) makes up the cerebral aquaduct.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False:

The rhombencephalon (hindbrain) makes up the third ventricle.

A

False - rhombencephalon (hindbrain) makes up the fourth (4th) ventricle.

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16
Q

Which ventricle does the diencephalon, which is a subdivision of the prosencephalon, make up?

A

3rd Ventricle

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17
Q

Which subdivision of the forebrain makes up the lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd ventricles)?

A

Telencephalon

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18
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

The failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close.

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19
Q

What is holoprosencephaly a failure of?

A

Failure of prosencephalon to divide into two cerebral hemispheres.

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20
Q

What facial deformities are often associated with holoprosencephaly?

A

> single orbit with two eyes or one eye or no eye

> proboscis-type nose located above eye

> cleft lip and palate

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21
Q

What is spina bifida occulta a result from?

A

Results from a failure of the inferior neuropore to close.

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22
Q

In patients with spina bifida occulta, is the spinal cord function usually normal?

A

Yes

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23
Q

In patients with spina bifida occulta, why does the inferior neuropore fail to close?

A

Because the vertebral arch(-es) fails to develop in the caudal area.

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24
Q

What characterizes spina bifida cystica over spina bifida occulta?

A

Spina Bifida Cystica is characterized by a sac-like cyst at the caudal end of the spine.

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25
Q

What are the 3 forms of spina bifida cystica?

A

> Meningocele
Meningomyelocele
Myeloschisis

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26
Q

What is found in the sac of patients with meningocele form of spina bifida cystica?

A

ONLY meninges found in sac

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27
Q

What is found in the sac of patients with meningomyelocele form of spina bifida cystica?

A

BOTH meninges and spinal cord are found in sac.

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28
Q

Of the three forms of spina bifida cystica, which is the most severe of the defects?

A

Myeloschisis

29
Q

What causes the spina bifida cystica form, myeloschisis, to occur?

A

Failure of caudal neural folds to close.

30
Q

True or False:

The meningomyelocele form of spina bifida cystica always results in abnormal growth of the spinal cord.

A

True

31
Q

Other than a protruding sac on the caudal end of a patient with spina bifida cystica, what loss of function would patients with meningomyelocele present with?

A

> lower extremity paralysis
bowel and bladder dysfunction
loss of sensation to lower limbs

32
Q

What is the Arnold-Chiari deformity?

A

> inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrude into vertebral canal

> medulla and pons are small and deformed

> hydrocephalus

> malformation of lower cranial nerves (CN 6-12)

 - deafness 
 - tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness
33
Q

What does the floor of the telencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> basal nuclei (ganglia)

> olfactory lobes and nerves

34
Q

What does the roof of the telencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> cerebral hemispheres

35
Q

What does the lumina of the telencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> lateral ventricles (I, II)

36
Q

What does the floor of the diencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> hypothalamus

> infundibulum

37
Q

What does the walls of the diencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> thalamus

38
Q

What does the roof of the diencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> epithalamus

39
Q

What does the lumen of the diencephalon primordia consist of?

A

third ventricle

40
Q

What does the floor of the mesencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> tegmentum

41
Q

What does the roof (tectum) of the mesencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> superior colliculi

> inferior colliculi

42
Q

What does the lumen of the mesencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

43
Q

What does the floor of the metencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> pons

44
Q

What does the roof of the metencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> cerebellum

45
Q

What does the lumen of the metencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> part of fourth ventricle

46
Q

What does the lumen of the myelencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> rest of fourth ventricle

47
Q

What does the main part of the myelencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> medulla oblongata

48
Q

What does the roof of the myelencephalon primordia consist of?

A

> posterior choroid plexus

49
Q

What are the nuclei of the medulla, which is part of the myelencephalon?

A

> vestibular nuclear complex
sensory nuclei
portions of reticular formation

50
Q

What vital reflex centers are found in the medulla, which is part of the myelencephalon?

A

> cardiac center
vasomotor center
centers related to respiration

51
Q

What are pyramids and olives of the medulla oblongata?

A

Pyramids:
> consist of lateral corticospinal tracts (massive fiber tracts that carry information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord)

Olives:
> site of nuclei related to cerebellum

52
Q

Which nuclei are found in the pons of the metencephalon?

A

> cranial nerve nuclei 5 - 8

> pontine nuclei -> which relay between the cerebrum and cerebellum

53
Q

Where are the sleep center and respiratory center found within the metencephalon?

A

Pons

54
Q

Is the cerebellum from the metencephalon?

A

Yes

55
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

> coordinate skeletal muscle movements
maintain equilibrium and posture
synergic control of muscle activity

56
Q

True or False:

The cerebellum is connected to other parts of the brain via large pairs of fibers tracts called peduncles.

A

True

57
Q

What does the inferior peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

> medulla and spinal cord

58
Q

What does the middle peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

> pons

59
Q

What does the superior peduncle connect the cerebellum to?

A

> midbrain

60
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are found in the mesencephalon?

A

> CN nuclei 3-4

61
Q

What makes up the roof (tectum) of the mesencephalon?

A

> superior colliciuli (visual reflexes)

> inferior colliculi (auditory and olfactory reflexes)

62
Q

What is found in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon?

A

> red nucleus
substantia nigra
various tracts

63
Q

What does the thalamus function to do?

A

> major relay center for afferent and efferent information to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brain

64
Q

What does the epithalamus function to do?

A

> habenular nuclei involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors (cologne and perfume is designed to cause a visceral response from the epithalamus)
pineal body (we don’t know what it does)

65
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

> mamillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

66
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

> controls and integrates ANS
associated with many kinds of visceral activity
intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems
controls normal body temperature
maintains extracellular fluid volume
Biorhythm oscillator

67
Q

What does the basal nuclei (ganglia) of the telencephalon do?

A

> subconscious motor control and muscle tone

68
Q

What is the cerebral cortex of the telencephalon divided into?

A

> divided into paired lobes

> surface with gyri (hills) and sulci (valleys)

Human Physiology 2 - Unit 1 - Zach H. (9 decks)

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