lecture 4 COPY

Question 1

outcomes

Answer 1

1.Understand the importance of ethical
research.

2. Understand Canadian ethical guidelines.
3. Explain the major concerns for ethical
   treatment of participants.
4. Describe informed consent
5. Outline the role of the researcher in the
   ethical treatment of participants.

Question 2

define ethics

Answer 2

Moral principles that govern a person’s
behavior or the conducting of an
activity

Question 3

there are 2 codes

Answer 3

code of Nuremberg and declaration of Helsinki

Question 4

Research Ethics in Canada
tri council policy statements
what are they?

Answer 4

Consent process
* Conflicts of interests
* Data privacy and confidentiality
* Research Ethics involving The First Nations, Inuit and Metis Peoples of Canada
* Human biological materials
* Human genetic research

Question 5

core principles relating to tri-council policy 3 principles

Answer 5

respect for human dignity:
1)respect of persons
2) concerned for welfare
3)justice

Question 6

core principle 1- respect of persons

Answer 6

respect for human dignity
-respect autonomy/choice
with regards to consent
consent 3 types

Question 7

what are the types of consent

Answer 7

3 types
free
ongoing
informed

Question 8

core principle 2-welfare

Answer 8

concerned with welfare shouldnt effect any of these areas
-Protecting a person’s quality of life in all aspects, including:
* Physical, mental and spiritual health
* Physical, economic and social circumstances

Question 9

things to consider with the welfare of participants

Answer 9

Key Concepts
a) Privacy and confidentiality
* Control of information about the person
* Can be challenging in qualitative studies
b) Minimize risks
* Prevent participants from being exposed to unnecessary risks
c) Beneficence (risk vs benefit balance)
* Favourable balance of risks & benefits
d) Provide accurate and accessible information

Question 10

core principle 3- Justice

Answer 10

justice
-fairness and equity /everybody gets the same treatment or risk/ no bias
-everyone has the same information =equal

Question 11

what is deception?

Answer 11

it is the generation of information to hide specifics but does not harm participant in any way

Question 12

what is blinding ?

Answer 12

“Blinding” in research means that participants and/or the
researchers do not know who is receiving the intervention and who
is receiving the placebo

Question 13

what is the double blind?

Answer 13

only one person knows who gets the intervention
usually the primary researcher

Question 14

define a debrief=deception

Answer 14

A debrief occurs at the end of the study
-researcher needs to tell the truth to participants at the end of the study
-more important for deception cases
- get feedback from participants

Question 15

unethical examples

Question 16

who was Henrietta lacks?

Answer 16

Cervical cancer treatment in 1951
* Tumor cell biopsy by Dr. George Otto Gey
* Cells cultured, continue to reproduced, commercialized (eg. Polio
vaccine)
* Consent never obtained (not customary at the time)
* Family medical records published without family consent (1980s).
* Henrietta Lacks Family Settles With Company Over ‘Immortal’ Cells (gizmodo.com)
http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/
3388
**unethical because she wasn’t informed about the purpose of the study of her cells*

Question 17

what was significant Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Answer 17

unethical because
-participants were not told they had syphilis -told they had bad blood/no diagnosis
-weren’t given treatment

Question 18

nutritional studies were done in indigenous communities

Answer 18

no consent
no assent obtained
Certain supplements  anemia
* Children denied dental care (‘effect of malnutrition on cavities and
gingivitis