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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 4- Basic Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Basic Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissues?

A

epithelia
connective tissue
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

where is epithelia located?

A

covers surfaces
lines cavities and tubes
forms glands

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3
Q

examples of where epithelia is found

A

skin, mouth, tubes (blood vessels)

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4
Q

what are the 4 important characteristics of epithelia?

A

attachment (loosely packed cells supported by a basement membrane)
avascularity (contains no blood vessels)
regeneration
polarity (apical and basal)

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5
Q

where does the apical membrane of epithelia face

A

lumen

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6
Q

where does the basal side of epithelium face

A

basement of the membrane

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7
Q

what is classification of epithelia based on?

A

number of cell layers and the shape of cells

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8
Q

simple epithelium

A

one layer

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9
Q

stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers

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10
Q

what are the 3 shapes of epithelia

A

squamous (flat)
cuboidal (cube)
columnar (rectangle)

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11
Q

what are the 6 main types of epithelia?

A

Simple squamous
Keratinised stratified squamous
Non keratinized stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified stratified columnar with goblet cell

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12
Q

2 features of simple squamous

A

flat cells- oval shaped nuclei
one layer of cells

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13
Q

what is the major function of simple squamous

A

exchange of nutrients and gases

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14
Q

where is simple squamous located?

A

blood vessels and alveoli (smooth flow for less resistance)

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15
Q

3 features of keratinised stratified squamous

A

-flat surface cells with oval-shaped nuclei
-many layers
-keratin sits on the upper surface of the epithelium

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16
Q

what is the major function of keratinised stratified squamous

A

protection, barrier, waterproof

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17
Q

where is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found

A

skin, gums and hard pallet where more abrasion occurs

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18
Q

2 features of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

flat surface cells with oval-shaped nuclei
-many layers

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19
Q

major function of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection, barrier

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20
Q

where is non keratinised stratified squamous located

A

oral cavity, oesophagus

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21
Q

2 features of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

square cells with round nuclei
one layer

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22
Q

what is the major function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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23
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium located

A

glands and kidney tubules

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24
Q

what is microvilli

A

projections of the cytoplasm increasing the SA for absorption

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25
Q

what are the 2 features of simple columnar epithelium

A

tall cells with oval, basally located nuclei
one layer

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26
Q

what is the major function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption and secretion

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27
Q

4 features of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

-tall cells
-appears stratified some cells don’t reach the free surface
-all cells touch the basement membrane
-cilia and goblet cells

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28
Q

what are the functions of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

mucociliary escalator (mucus from the goblet cells will trap any inhaled particles and the cilia will waft the mucus toward the pharynx)

29
Q

where is pseudostratified cilitated columnar epithelium found?

A

trachea and large respiratory airways

30
Q

what are intercellular junctions

A

specialised areas of that bind one cell to another

31
Q

what are the 4 examples of intercellular junction

A

desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
tight junctions
gap junctions

32
Q

desmosomes

A

very strong connections between adjacent cells
-resist stretching and twisting

33
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

-attach cells to the basement membrane
-stabilise the position and anchor cell to the underlying tissue

34
Q

tight junctions

A

interlocking proteins tightly bind cells together near the apical edge
-prevent the passage of water and solutes between cells (e.g. in digestive tract)

35
Q

gap junctions

A

cells held together by an interlocking membrane protein containing a central pore
-allows movement of small molecules and ions between cells -found in cardiac muscle

36
Q

what are the 6 main functions of connective tissue

A

-Forms a structural framework for the body
-Supports, surrounds and interconnects other tissue
types
-Protects delicate organs
-Transports fluids and dissolved materials
-Stores energy reserves
-Defends body from microorganisms

37
Q

what does connective tissue consist of?

A

cells within an extracellular matrix

38
Q

what is the main cell type found in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

39
Q

fibroblasts

A

synthesize proteins found in the extracellular matrix

40
Q

what other cells are found in connective tissue?

A

adipocytes (fat cells)
macrophages (engulf foreign particles)
mast cells (immune response)

41
Q

what 3 things does the extracellular matrix in connective tissue consist of ?

A

ground substance
tissue fluid
protein fibers: collagen (most abundant for tensile strength and support) , reticular (type of collagen), and elastic

42
Q

ground substance

A

made up of carbs and proteins and binds to water
-main function is hydration

43
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue

A

-specialized connective tissue
-connective tissue proper

44
Q

3 examples of specialized connective tissue

A

blood, cartiallage and bone

45
Q

blood as a specialised connective tissue

A

red blood cells suspended in plasma
-plasma that acts as the extracellular matrix

46
Q

bone as a specialised connective tissue

A

bone cells suspended within a background matrix that is hardened with calcium and phosphate

47
Q

cartilage as a specialised connective tissue

A

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in a matrix that is less solid than bone but more fluid than blood

48
Q

what is the main function of connective tissue proper

A

packaging and support for other tissues

49
Q

how is connective tissue proper classified

A

-according to type, arrangement and abundance of ground fibres, cells and ground substance

50
Q

what are the 3 connective tissue proper

A

-loose areolar/ loose irregular
-dense irregular
-dense regular

51
Q

what does loose areolar connective tissue contain?

A

-less cells and more ground substance
-few fibres
-variety of cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages

52
Q

where is loose areolar connective tissue found

A

-under the epithelium that covers and lines the body surfaces

53
Q

what does dense irregular connective tissue contain?

A

-little ground substance
-many collagen fibre bundles arranged in all directions ( can handle forces from all directions)
-few cells (many fibroblasts)

54
Q

function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

resists excessive stretching and distension

55
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

the dermis (so the skin can be pulled back)

56
Q

what does dense irregular connective tissue contain?

A

-little ground substance
-densely packed bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows
-few cells (mainly fibroblasts)

57
Q

where is dense regular tissue found in

A

tendons and ligaments (handle stress from one direction)
-extend from muscle to the bone

58
Q

muscle tissue

A

produces movement and is specialised for contraction

59
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

60
Q

3 common features of muscle tissue

A

-elongated parallel to the axis of contraction
-numerous mitochondria
-contractile elements

61
Q

3 functions of skeletal muscle

A

-moves and stabilizes the skeleton
-forms sphincters in the digestive and urinary tract
-involved in respiration

62
Q

4 features of skeletal muscle

A

-long, cylindrical cells
-striated (due to arrangement of the contractile filaments)
-multinucleated (nuclei located at the periphery of the cell)
-innervated by the somatic nervous system (voluntary)

63
Q

where is smooth muscle located

A

walls of organs, blood vessels and airways

64
Q

2 functions of smooth muscle

A

-gastrointestinal movement
-alters the diameter of airways and blood vessels ( needed to reduce flow distally and increase blood pressure proximally)

65
Q

4 features of smooth muscle

A

-short fusiform cells (spindle-shaped)
-non-striated
-single, centrally located nucleus
-innervated by autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

66
Q

where is cardiac muscle located

A

heart wall

67
Q

function of cardiac muscle

A

-helps to circulate blood and to maintain blood pressure

68
Q

5 features of cardiac muscle

A

-branched muscle fibres
-striated
- 1-2 central nuclei
-intercalated discs (have gap junctions allowing ions to pass)
-innervated by the ANS

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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