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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 4- Basic Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Basic Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissues?

A

epithelia
connective tissue
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

where is epithelia located?

A

covers surfaces
lines cavities and tubes
forms glands

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3
Q

examples of where epithelia is found

A

skin, mouth, tubes (blood vessels)

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4
Q

what are the 4 important characteristics of epithelia?

A

attachment (loosely packed cells supported by a basement membrane)
avascularity (contains no blood vessels)
regeneration
polarity (apical and basal)

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5
Q

where does the apical membrane of epithelia face

A

lumen

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6
Q

where does the basal side of epithelium face

A

basement of the membrane

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7
Q

what is classification of epithelia based on?

A

number of cell layers and the shape of cells

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8
Q

simple epithelium

A

one layer

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9
Q

stratified epithelium

A

two or more layers

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10
Q

what are the 3 shapes of epithelia

A

squamous (flat)
cuboidal (cube)
columnar (rectangle)

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11
Q

what are the 6 main types of epithelia?

A

Simple squamous
Keratinised stratified squamous
Non keratinized stratified squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified stratified columnar with goblet cell

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12
Q

2 features of simple squamous

A

flat cells- oval shaped nuclei
one layer of cells

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13
Q

what is the major function of simple squamous

A

exchange of nutrients and gases

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14
Q

where is simple squamous located?

A

blood vessels and alveoli (smooth flow for less resistance)

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15
Q

3 features of keratinised stratified squamous

A

-flat surface cells with oval-shaped nuclei
-many layers
-keratin sits on the upper surface of the epithelium

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16
Q

what is the major function of keratinised stratified squamous

A

protection, barrier, waterproof

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17
Q

where is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found

A

skin, gums and hard pallet where more abrasion occurs

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18
Q

2 features of non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

flat surface cells with oval-shaped nuclei
-many layers

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19
Q

major function of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection, barrier

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20
Q

where is non keratinised stratified squamous located

A

oral cavity, oesophagus

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21
Q

2 features of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

square cells with round nuclei
one layer

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22
Q

what is the major function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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23
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium located

A

glands and kidney tubules

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24
Q

what is microvilli

A

projections of the cytoplasm increasing the SA for absorption

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25
what are the 2 features of simple columnar epithelium
tall cells with oval, basally located nuclei one layer
26
what is the major function of simple columnar epithelium
absorption and secretion
27
4 features of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-tall cells -appears stratified some cells don't reach the free surface -all cells touch the basement membrane -cilia and goblet cells
28
what are the functions of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucociliary escalator (mucus from the goblet cells will trap any inhaled particles and the cilia will waft the mucus toward the pharynx)
29
where is pseudostratified cilitated columnar epithelium found?
trachea and large respiratory airways
30
what are intercellular junctions
specialised areas of that bind one cell to another
31
what are the 4 examples of intercellular junction
desmosomes hemidesmosomes tight junctions gap junctions
32
desmosomes
very strong connections between adjacent cells -resist stretching and twisting
33
hemidesmosomes
-attach cells to the basement membrane -stabilise the position and anchor cell to the underlying tissue
34
tight junctions
interlocking proteins tightly bind cells together near the apical edge -prevent the passage of water and solutes between cells (e.g. in digestive tract)
35
gap junctions
cells held together by an interlocking membrane protein containing a central pore -allows movement of small molecules and ions between cells -found in cardiac muscle
36
what are the 6 main functions of connective tissue
-Forms a structural framework for the body -Supports, surrounds and interconnects other tissue types -Protects delicate organs -Transports fluids and dissolved materials -Stores energy reserves -Defends body from microorganisms
37
what does connective tissue consist of?
cells within an extracellular matrix
38
what is the main cell type found in connective tissue?
fibroblasts
39
fibroblasts
synthesize proteins found in the extracellular matrix
40
what other cells are found in connective tissue?
adipocytes (fat cells) macrophages (engulf foreign particles) mast cells (immune response)
41
what 3 things does the extracellular matrix in connective tissue consist of ?
ground substance tissue fluid protein fibers: collagen (most abundant for tensile strength and support) , reticular (type of collagen), and elastic
42
ground substance
made up of carbs and proteins and binds to water -main function is hydration
43
what are the two types of connective tissue
-specialized connective tissue -connective tissue proper
44
3 examples of specialized connective tissue
blood, cartiallage and bone
45
blood as a specialised connective tissue
red blood cells suspended in plasma -plasma that acts as the extracellular matrix
46
bone as a specialised connective tissue
bone cells suspended within a background matrix that is hardened with calcium and phosphate
47
cartilage as a specialised connective tissue
chondrocytes (cartilage cells) in a matrix that is less solid than bone but more fluid than blood
48
what is the main function of connective tissue proper
packaging and support for other tissues
49
how is connective tissue proper classified
-according to type, arrangement and abundance of ground fibres, cells and ground substance
50
what are the 3 connective tissue proper
-loose areolar/ loose irregular -dense irregular -dense regular
51
what does loose areolar connective tissue contain?
-less cells and more ground substance -few fibres -variety of cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes and macrophages
52
where is loose areolar connective tissue found
-under the epithelium that covers and lines the body surfaces
53
what does dense irregular connective tissue contain?
-little ground substance -many collagen fibre bundles arranged in all directions ( can handle forces from all directions) -few cells (many fibroblasts)
54
function of dense irregular connective tissue
resists excessive stretching and distension
55
where is dense irregular connective tissue found
the dermis (so the skin can be pulled back)
56
what does dense irregular connective tissue contain?
-little ground substance -densely packed bundles of collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows -few cells (mainly fibroblasts)
57
where is dense regular tissue found in
tendons and ligaments (handle stress from one direction) -extend from muscle to the bone
58
muscle tissue
produces movement and is specialised for contraction
59
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal smooth cardiac
60
3 common features of muscle tissue
-elongated parallel to the axis of contraction -numerous mitochondria -contractile elements
61
3 functions of skeletal muscle
-moves and stabilizes the skeleton -forms sphincters in the digestive and urinary tract -involved in respiration
62
4 features of skeletal muscle
-long, cylindrical cells -striated (due to arrangement of the contractile filaments) -multinucleated (nuclei located at the periphery of the cell) -innervated by the somatic nervous system (voluntary)
63
where is smooth muscle located
walls of organs, blood vessels and airways
64
2 functions of smooth muscle
-gastrointestinal movement -alters the diameter of airways and blood vessels ( needed to reduce flow distally and increase blood pressure proximally)
65
4 features of smooth muscle
-short fusiform cells (spindle-shaped) -non-striated -single, centrally located nucleus -innervated by autonomic nervous system (involuntary)
66
where is cardiac muscle located
heart wall
67
function of cardiac muscle
-helps to circulate blood and to maintain blood pressure
68
5 features of cardiac muscle
-branched muscle fibres -striated - 1-2 central nuclei -intercalated discs (have gap junctions allowing ions to pass) -innervated by the ANS

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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