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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 2-Body Fluids and Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Lecture 2-Body Fluids and Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

how many litres makes up a humans total body water

A

42

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2
Q

25 litres of TBW is what fluid?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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3
Q

17 litres of TBW is what fluid?

A

extracellular fluid

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4
Q

what are the three components of extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid, plasma, transcellular fluid

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5
Q

13 litres of ECF is what type of fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid (ISF)

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6
Q

3 litres of ECF is what type of fluid?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

1 litre of ECF is what type of fluid?

A

Transcellular

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8
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid that bathes the cell (tissue fluid)

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9
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

any other fluid that has been produced and crossed an epithelial membrane e.g waste from urine

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10
Q

6 examples of transcellular fluids

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (brain)
Urine (kidney and bladder)
Gastrointestinal secretions (saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile)
Sweat
Aqueous and vitreous humours (eye)
Synovial fluid (joints)

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11
Q

how does fluid from the blood plasma become interstitial fluid?

A

electrolytes and water passes the endothelium in the capillary

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12
Q

what is the main difference between plasma and ISF composition

A

ISF contains no proteins

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13
Q

in order for fluid to become intracellular, what membrane does it have to pass?

A

plasma cell membrane

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14
Q

differences and similarities between ISF and intracellular fluid

A

electrolyte composition differs in different compartments however the osmolarity says the same

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15
Q

why is composition of transcellular fluid non generalisable?

A

electrolyte composition varies depending on what fluid

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16
Q

plasma-> ISF what membrane does it cross?

A

must cross endothelial cell layer (capillary)

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17
Q

ISF->ICF what membrane does it cross

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

ISF->Transcellular fluid; what membrane must it cross

A

epithelium layer

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19
Q

why do membranes separate the compartments

A

to help maintain the composition of different compartments

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20
Q

what are the three features of the plasma membrane?

A

-highly selective permeability (only lipid soluble can enter and dissolve in the lipid layer, water soluble can’t enter without a transport process)
lots of transport proteins for uptake and removal of specific solutes
vital for regulation of the intracellular environment

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21
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer impermeable to?

A

ions and polar molecules

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22
Q

what is permeability provided by for membrane transport?

A

membrane proteins (transporters)

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23
Q

what are the 3 membrane transporters?

A

channels
carriers
pumps

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24
Q

channels

A

selective for one type of ion and generally one direction

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25
Q

transporters

A

transport pairs of ions

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26
Q

pumps

A

use energy to move against the conc gradient

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27
Q

passive transport

A

driven by gradients

28
Q

which transports are passive transports?

A

channels and carriers

29
Q

active transport uses…

A

ATP hydrolysis

30
Q

which transport mechanism uses active transport?

A

pumps

31
Q

what are the 3 types of carriers?

A

facilitator/uniport
cotransporter/symport
exchanger/ antiport

32
Q

uniport

A

facilitator
one type ion only down conc gradient in isolation (one direction)

33
Q

symport

A

cotransporter
-two ions (usually pos and neg to maintain electrical neutrality) in same direction

34
Q

antiport

A

exchanger
swaps one ion in for another ion out (generally the same charge to maintain electrical neutrality)

35
Q

functions of transport proteins

A

-Uptake of nutrients, substrates, cofactors…
-export of waste products
-Regulation of intracellular ions, pH, cell volume

36
Q

uptake of glucose and AAs

A

Uniporter picks up glucose (down conc gradient)
AAs transported usually with sodium using symport/ cotransporter

37
Q

export of waste products

A

-Urea/ nitrogenous waste comes out the cell via uniporter
-Hydrogen ions and lactate come out using a cotransporter to rid of waste products

38
Q

Regulation of intracellular ions, pH, cell volume

A

Regulate internal pH using exchangers e.g pH too low, rid of hydrogen ions and swap for sodium ions (antiport/ exchanger)
pH too high: swap bicarbonate ion out and chloride ion in (exchanger/ antiport)
-don’t actively transport water, use ions to generate gradient to allow water to follow

39
Q

ICF vs ECF: Pottassium ions

A

ICF: high
ECF: low

40
Q

ICF vs ECF: sodium ions

A

ICF: low
ECF: high

41
Q

ICF vs ECF: Calcium ions

A

ICF: very low
ECF: low

42
Q

ICF vs ECF: Chloride ions

A

ICF: low
ECF: high

43
Q

ICF vs ECF: organic ions

A

ICF: high
ECF: low

44
Q

ICF vs ECF: proteins

A

ICF: high
ECF: low

45
Q

why do cells not have a water pump?

A

it would take too much energy/ ATP

46
Q

how is water distribution determined?

A

by osmosis

47
Q

what is the osmotic pressure at equilibrium

A

290

48
Q

3 properties of capillary endothelium

A

-very thin layer of cells lining blood vessels
-highly permeable in some organs, not in others (e.g. brain)
-important role in regulation of the interstitial fluid

49
Q

distribution of solutes across the capillary endothelium

A

ISF: low solute conc
Plasma: high solute conc as proteins can’t cross the endothelial cells or between them

50
Q

what is water distribution decided by?

A

hydrostatic and osmotic forces

51
Q

colloid

A

due to proteins

52
Q

what happens at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

hydrostatic pressure> colloid osmotic pressure
-fluid is forced out of the plasma

53
Q

what happens at the venous end of the capillary?

A

colloid osmotic pressure> hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid back into the plasma

54
Q

4 features of epithelia

A

-layers of cells covering internal and external surfaces of organs and tissues
-protective/barrier function
-important roles in absorption and secretion
-selective

55
Q

apical membrane of gut

A

faces inwards (centre of the gut)

56
Q

basolateral membrane of gut

A

faces outwards

57
Q

in the gut, what are the epithelial cells connected by

A

tight junctions which are impermeable

58
Q

in the gut, what facilitates the movement of water

A

sodium glucose cotransporter by creating an osmotic gradient

59
Q

what allows glucose to move through in the gut? where is this located?

A

glucose uniporter on the basolateral membrane allowing water to be absorbed to your gut

60
Q

what ions facilitates the movement of water into the gut from plasma

A

chloride ions

61
Q

role of sodium pottassium ATPase in the gut

A

creates a high pottassium inside and a low sodium inside the cell causing a gradient

62
Q

what allows the potassium ions into the gut leading to chloride and sodium ions coming in causing water to follow and into the cell

A

sodium potassium two chloride cotransport

63
Q

on the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the gut, what channel opens to allow water out

A

chloride channels allowing chloride ions to diffuse out and down the conc gradient causing water to follow

64
Q

how does diarrhoea occur from food poisoning

A

toxins generated from bacteria open the chloride channels and allows water to pour in

65
Q

role of chloride channel in cystic fibrosis

A

chloride channel does not open causing less water to be produced leading to sticky thick mucus as can’t move water across membrane

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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