Lecture 1: Introduction to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

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3
Q

how are anatomy and physiology interlinked

A

anatomical information provides clues about functions and physiological processes can be explained only in terms of the underlying anatomy

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4
Q

the principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

all specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function

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5
Q

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

A

examining fairly large structures without using a microscope

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6
Q

what are the 6 types of gross anatomy

A

surface
regional
sectional
systemic
clinical
developmental

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7
Q

surface anatomy (superficial anatomy)

A

study of the general form of the body’s surface

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8
Q

regional anatomy

A

focus on the anatomical organisation of specific body areas e.g head, neck and trunk

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9
Q

sectional anatomy

A

the study of the relationship of the body’s structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ

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10
Q

systemic anatomy

A

study of the structure of organ systems e.g skeletal system, muscular system and cardiovascular system

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11
Q

clinical anatomy

A

several subspecialties important in clinical practice

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12
Q

examples of clinical anatomy

A

pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness)
radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen using specialised imaging techniques )
surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks important in surgery)

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13
Q

developmental anatomy

A

the changes in form that take place from fertilisation through adulthood

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14
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

structures that we can’t see without magnification

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15
Q

what are the two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

A

cytology and histology

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16
Q

cytology

A

the study of the internal structure of individual cells

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17
Q

histology

A

examinations of tissues

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18
Q

human physiology

A

study of the functions or workings of the human body

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19
Q

cell physiology

A

study of the functions of cells
-the chemistry of the cell

20
Q

organ physiology

A

study of the function of specific organs e.g cardiac physiology

21
Q

systemic physiology

A

all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems e.g cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology

22
Q

pathological physiology

A

the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

23
Q

the scientific method

A

a system of advancing knowledge that begins with careful observation and then testing that hypothesis through experimentation

24
Q

what are the 6 levels of organisation of the human body

A

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level

25
chemical level of organisation
atoms- smallest stable units of matter that combine to form molecules
26
cellular level of organisation
cells- smallest living units in the body
27
tissue level of organisation
tissues- group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
28
organ level of organisation
organs- two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions
29
organ system level of organisation
group of organs interacting for a particular function
30
organism level of organisation
an individual life form
31
at the system level why does heart rate increase when we exercise?
- Increased sympathetic nerve activity – releasing noradrenaline - Increased circulating adrenaline
32
at the organ level, why does heart rate increase when we exercise
Heart rate is controlled by impulses generated by pacemaker cells at the sinoatrial (SA) node
33
how is the heart kept in rhythm by the SAN?
The SAN spontaneously fires to keep the heart in rhythm in the ANS without external input but this can be modified
34
what affect does noradrenaline have on the depolarisation rate
speeds depolarisation
35
how is the activity of the SAN observed
the SAN generates electrical currents which can be recorded
36
patch clamp technique
measures Ca current through individual ion channels
37
at the protein level, what is the effect of noradrenaline on receptors
noradrenaline raises cAMP and activates PKA
38
the interaction between noradrenaline and the B1 adrenergic receptor leads to...
activation of the secondary messenger
39
where does the interaction between noradrenaline and the B1 adrenergic receptor occur?
on the cardiac pacemaker cell
40
what causes the L-type Ca channel to open
phosphorylation of the L-type Ca channel by PKA (migrates and binds to calcium channel when activated)
41
why is knowing the structure of ion channels important?
useful for designing specific drugs to target specific aspects of the channel function
42
beta blockers
slow the heart for people with high blood pressure
43
activators of L-type Ca channels
used to treat hypertension and angina
44
functional genomics
the link between system/organ function and individual genes
45
what approach is used in functional genomics
reductionist approach: system -> organ -> cell -> protein -> gene