Lecture 1: Introduction to A&P

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

Question 3

how are anatomy and physiology interlinked

Answer 3

anatomical information provides clues about functions and physiological processes can be explained only in terms of the underlying anatomy

Question 4

the principle of complementarity of structure and function

Answer 4

all specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function

Question 5

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

Answer 5

examining fairly large structures without using a microscope

Question 6

what are the 6 types of gross anatomy

Answer 6

surface
regional
sectional
systemic
clinical
developmental

Question 7

surface anatomy (superficial anatomy)

Answer 7

study of the general form of the body’s surface

Question 8

regional anatomy

Answer 8

focus on the anatomical organisation of specific body areas e.g head, neck and trunk

Question 9

sectional anatomy

Answer 9

the study of the relationship of the body’s structures by examining cross sections of the tissue or organ

Question 10

systemic anatomy

Answer 10

study of the structure of organ systems e.g skeletal system, muscular system and cardiovascular system

Question 11

clinical anatomy

Answer 11

several subspecialties important in clinical practice

Question 12

examples of clinical anatomy

Answer 12

pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness)
radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen using specialised imaging techniques )
surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks important in surgery)

Question 13

developmental anatomy

Answer 13

the changes in form that take place from fertilisation through adulthood

Question 14

microscopic anatomy

Answer 14

structures that we can’t see without magnification

Question 15

what are the two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

Answer 15

cytology and histology

Question 16

cytology

Answer 16

the study of the internal structure of individual cells

Question 17

histology

Answer 17

examinations of tissues

Question 18

human physiology

Answer 18

study of the functions or workings of the human body

Question 19

cell physiology

Answer 19

study of the functions of cells
-the chemistry of the cell

Question 20

organ physiology

Answer 20

study of the function of specific organs e.g cardiac physiology

Question 21

systemic physiology

Answer 21

all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems e.g cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology and reproductive physiology

Question 22

pathological physiology

Answer 22

the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions

Question 23

the scientific method

Answer 23

a system of advancing knowledge that begins with careful observation and then testing that hypothesis through experimentation

Question 24

what are the 6 levels of organisation of the human body

Answer 24

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level
organism level

Question 25

chemical level of organisation

Answer 25

atoms- smallest stable units of matter that combine to form molecules

Question 26

cellular level of organisation

Answer 26

cells- smallest living units in the body

Question 27

tissue level of organisation

Answer 27

tissues- group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions

Question 28

organ level of organisation

Answer 28

organs- two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

Question 29

organ system level of organisation

Answer 29

group of organs interacting for a particular function

Question 30

organism level of organisation

Answer 30

an individual life form

Question 31

at the system level why does heart rate increase when we exercise?

Answer 31

• Increased sympathetic nerve activity – releasing noradrenaline
• Increased circulating adrenaline

Question 32

at the organ level, why does heart rate increase when we exercise

Answer 32

Heart rate is controlled by impulses generated by pacemaker cells at the sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 33

how is the heart kept in rhythm by the SAN?

Answer 33

The SAN spontaneously fires to keep the heart in rhythm in the ANS without external input but this can be modified

Question 34

what affect does noradrenaline have on the depolarisation rate

Answer 34

speeds depolarisation

Question 35

how is the activity of the SAN observed

Answer 35

the SAN generates electrical currents which can be recorded

Question 36

patch clamp technique

Answer 36

measures Ca current through individual ion channels

Question 37

at the protein level, what is the effect of noradrenaline on receptors

Answer 37

noradrenaline raises cAMP and activates PKA

Question 38

the interaction between noradrenaline and the B1 adrenergic receptor leads to…

Answer 38

activation of the secondary messenger

Question 39

where does the interaction between noradrenaline and the B1 adrenergic receptor occur?

Answer 39

on the cardiac pacemaker cell

Question 40

what causes the L-type Ca channel to open

Answer 40

phosphorylation of the L-type Ca channel by PKA (migrates and binds to calcium channel when activated)

Question 41

why is knowing the structure of ion channels important?

Answer 41

useful for designing specific drugs to target specific aspects of the channel function

Question 42

beta blockers

Answer 42

slow the heart for people with high blood pressure

Question 43

activators of L-type Ca channels

Answer 43

used to treat hypertension and angina

Question 44

functional genomics

Answer 44

the link between system/organ function and individual genes

Question 45

what approach is used in functional genomics

Answer 45

reductionist approach: system -> organ -> cell -> protein -> gene