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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

heart

A

cone-shaped muscular pump

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2
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the thorax between the lungs

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3
Q

what is the heart protected by

A

the ribs and sternum

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4
Q

between which ribs does the heart lie

A

ribs 2-5 to the left of the midline

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5
Q

where is the apex of the heart found

A

in the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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6
Q

pericardium

A

the coverings of the heart- composed of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous pericardium

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7
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

-inelastic, made of dense connective tissue
-fuses inferiorly with the diaphragm and superiorly with the great vessels.

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8
Q

function of fibrous pericardium

A

prevents overfilling of the heart and anchors it in position

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9
Q

serous pericardium

A

Fuses inferiorly with the diaphragm and superiorly with the great vessels

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10
Q

serous pericardium: parietal layer

A

-outer layer
-lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

serous pericardium: visceral layer

A

-epicardium
-inner layer
-adheres to the surface of the heart

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12
Q

coronary vessels runs through which pericardium of the heart

A

visceral layer

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13
Q

serous pericardium: pericardial cavity

A

potential space between the parietal and visceral layers containing pericardial fluid
-allows smooth movement

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14
Q

function of the serous pericardium

A

prevents friction

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15
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

Endocardium: inner layer – endothelium
Myocardium: middle layer - cardiac muscle (thick layer of muscle)
Epicardium: outer layer - visceral pericardium

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16
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

meaty ridges found inside the heart

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17
Q

look at internal diameter of the heart diagram

A
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18
Q

fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

bands of fibrous connective tissue between the atria and ventricles

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19
Q

what does the fibrous skeleton of the heart electrically separate

A

the atria from the ventricles preventing the chambers from contracting at the same time

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20
Q

what does the fibrous skeleton of the heart surround

A

the pulmonary trunk and aorta

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21
Q

does the fibrous skeleton of the heart contain heart valves

A

yes

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22
Q

what are heart valves

A

one way valves that prevent the backflow of blood

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23
Q

what are the two different heart valves

A

atrioventricular valves (AV)
semilunar valves

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24
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right AV valve (3 cusps)

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25
Q

bicuspid/ mitral valve

A

left AV valve (2 cusps)

26
Q

what are the different semilunar valves

A

pulmonary
aortic

27
Q

view diagram on heart valves

A
28
Q

where are the atrioventricular valves located

A

between the atria and ventricles

29
Q

how are the AV valves opened

A

by the blood flowing from atria to the ventricles

30
Q

what are the AV valves anchored by

A

chordae tendinae to papillary muscles (form part of the heart wall)

31
Q

what does contraction of the papillary muscles prevent

A

eversion of the valves and therefore backflow of blood into the atria

32
Q

when do AV valves open

A

when ventricular pressure is less than atrial pressure

33
Q

when do AV valves close

A

when ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure

34
Q

functions of the semilunar valves

A

guard the entrance of the aorta and pulmonary trunk
prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles

35
Q

how do the semilunar valves open

A

by the force of blood as the ventricles contract

36
Q

what causes the semilunar valves to close

A

blood flows backwards in the aorta and pulmonary trunk during ventricular relaxation, this pools in the cusps and pushes them shut

37
Q

how much blood does the heart receive

A

250 ml/min

38
Q

during ventricular relaxation, where is the blood delivered to

A

myocardium

39
Q

what does the left coronary artery split into

A

-anterior interventricular (runs anteriorly down between the ventricles and descends at the front of the vessel)
-circumflex

40
Q

what does the right coronary artery split into

A

marginal artery
posterior interventricular

41
Q

which veins drain into the coronary sinus

A

the great, middle and small cardiac veins

42
Q

the coronary sinus empties into which atrium

A

right atrium

43
Q

the patency of coronary vessels are examined by?

A

angiography (x-ray used to check blood vessels and how blood flows through them)

44
Q

what is heart contraction coordinated by

A

the cardiac conducting system

45
Q

what type of cells initiate electrical impulses in heart contraction

A

non-contractile cells

45
Q

what cells are involved in the cardiac conducting system

A

-Sinoatrial (SA) node
- Atrioventricular (AV) node
- AV bundle (bundle of His)
- Right & left bundle branches
- Purkinje fibres

46
Q

what measures the activity of the heart

A

electrocardiogram

47
Q

why is foetal circulation different from usual circulation

A
  • oxygen and nutrients are received from
    the placenta via the umbilical vein
  • Need to bypass non functional lungs
48
Q

foetal circulation: foramen ovale

A

connects the right to the left atria-bypassing right ventricle and pulmonary system

49
Q

foetal circulation: ductus arteriosus

A

connects the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta bypassing pulmonary system and the left side of the heart
-rather than going to the lungs, it goes directly to the aorta

50
Q

foetal circulation: ductus venosus

A

connects the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava bypassing the liver

51
Q

why is here limited need for the liver in fetal circulation

A

nutrients are being produced by the mother so limited need

52
Q

what valve does the foramen ovale contain

A

shutter valve

53
Q

foetal circulation: shutter valve

A

pressure in the heart forces the valve to be open
-pressure in the right side of the heart is greater than the left so the blood goes directly from the right to the left atrium

54
Q

when the newborn takes the first breath, what happens after the lungs expand

A

blood rushes into the pulmonary circulation increasing oxygen levels and constricting the ductus arteriosus

55
Q

when a newborn takes their first breath and the left atrium pressure increases, what happens

A

the foramen ovale closes to become fossa ovalis
-pressure in the left atrium will now be higher than pressure in the right atrium and pressure in the lungs have dropped

56
Q

when the umbilical cord is tied, what happens

A

the umbilical vessels close leading to the ductus venosus fibroses

57
Q

once a foetus changes to an adult, the ductus venosus changes to

A

the ligamentum venosum

58
Q

when the foetus becomes an adult, the foramen ovale becomes the

A

fossa ovalisw

59
Q

when the foetus becomes an adult, the ductus arteriosus becomes what

A

the ligamentum arteriosum

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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