Lecture 4 Flashcards
what are nymphaeceae and magnoliaceae
the primitive angiosperm families
what are tepals
flowers where the sepal and petals are indistinguishable
what is the carpel
the female reproductive structure (like the pistil), collectively form the gynoecium
how do carpels develop in the primitive angiosperms (nymphaeceae and magnoliaceae)
they form into a woody bonelike aggregate of seed breaking follicles
what is the aril
the fleshy red outer layer of the seeds of nymphaeaceae and magnoliaceae
what is the gynoecium
the female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of the carpels
what is the androecium
the male part of a flower, made up of the stamens
what is the corolla
the petals collectively
what is the calyx
the sepals collectively
what is the receptacle
the part of a flower stalk where all the parts of the flower are attached
what is a hypogynous flower
same as a superior ovary
- a flower in which the stamens, sepals, and petals are attached to the receptacle at a point below the ovary
what is a perigynous flower
same as a half-anterior ovary
- the sepals, petals and stamen are attached to the rim of a hypanthium that surrounds but is not fused to the ovary wall
what is the hypanthium
the floral tube, formed by fusion of the bases of the sepals, petals, androecium and loosely surrounding or united with the gynoecium
what is an epigynous flower
same as an inferior ovary
- the sepals, petals, and stamen are attached to the hypanthium above the ovary
in a perfect flower, how are the floral parts (both sterile and fertile) arranged
in four whorls
- outermost is the sepals
- second whorl is the petals
- third whorl is the stamens
- fourth whorl is the gynoecium (pistil comprising of two fused carpels)
what are hermaphrodite flower
perfect/complete flowers whose flowers have both male and female parts (sepals and petals not considered)
what are incomplete flowers
flowers with only female or male structures; flower is either staminate or carpellate (pistillate)
monoecious
if the separate male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers are on the same plant
dioecious
when male and female flowers occur on separate plants and create separate male and female plants
what inflorescence
flowers arranged in clusters
- either monopodial or sympodial
what is the difference between monopodial in sympodial
- monopodial show indeterminate (open) growth with lateral flowers growing from a terminal bud
- sympodial shows closed growth where the terminal bud dies and flowers grow from lateral buds, the terminal flower matures first
what is the difference between peduncle and pedicle
peduncle is the stalk the inflorescence grow from and the pedicle is the stalk of the flower
what is a bract
the leaf associated with inflorescence
what is the acropetal vs basipetal
acropetal - towards tip
basipetal - towards base
what does sessile mean
fixed in one place, unmoving
what are pappus
modified calyx (collectively refers to the sepals) - think dandelion seeds
what is protandry
when the anthers and pollen mature before the stigma
what is an achene
a small, dry, one seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed (think strawberry seed)
what is racemose/ raceme
inflorescence with separate flowers connected by short stalks at equal distance along a central stem
ament or catkin
unisexual flowers arranged around central drooping axis
what is verticillaster
- dichasial cyme
- nearly sessile (fixed) clusters of flowers arranged as whorls around an axis
involucre
a cup shape which is made by fused bracts (leaves associated with inflorescence)
describe fig structure
hollow, flask shaped inflorescence lined inside with little apetalous, unisexual flowers
what is the difference between male and female flowers of a fig
male: 1-5 stamens
female: single pistil (gynoecium) with either a long or short style
what is the difference between caprifig and edible fig
caprifig are male trees and edible figs are female trees
what is a syconium
fleshy hollow recepticle that develops into a multiple fruit as in a fig
what are the lemma and palea
hardened, modified stems with the lemma being larger than the palea, and the lemma has a pointed tip called the awn
lodicule
small green or white scale below the ovary of a grass flower that opens/closes the spikelet
spikelet
the rice flower
what is the example of bracts appearing petal like
the poinsettia
what is the anther
the top of the stamen
how is the anther divided
into pollen sacs called microsporangia
what is a locule
a chamber in which microspores (pollen) are produced
what is the tapetum
inner specialized nutritive layer of cells located between sporangenous tissue and the outer anther wall
what is microsporogenesis
haploid single celled pollen grain protoplasts formed which gain an exile and intine wall to form the microspore (pollen grain)
what is the difference between a protoplast and pollen grain
protoplasts are plant cells (pollen grain cells) without a cell wall and pollen grains have exile and intine membranes which develop after the protoplast develops
what is the other name for a vegetative cell
the tube cell
what was the takeaway from the “grace” image
stigma cells may be papillate and exhibit tip growth
