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BOT*2100 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what were some characteristics of early land plants

A
  • remaining close to the substratum
  • crowding of semi-aquatic habitats
  • soil formation
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2
Q

what did the early land plants need to have (evolve) protection from

A
  • airy (dry) conditions

- UV radiation (photo-bleaching of pigments)

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3
Q

how did early land plants change to evolve to conditions

A
  • need for water (reproductive strategy changes)
  • need for dormancy (propagules)
  • protected cells (embryo-bytes)
  • lignified walls for strength so they could grow upright
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4
Q

what evolved as a result of plants coming out of water and onto land

A

lignified walls, roots, vasculature, stems/branching, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds

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5
Q

what did the rhyniophytes branch off to give rise to

A

lycophytes

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6
Q

what are rhyniophytes

A

early vascular plants (ex. cooksonia caledonica)

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7
Q

what type of branching did the rhyniophytes (early vascular plants) have

A

dichotomous branching

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8
Q

what are the three types of branching

A

dichotomous, pseudomonopodial, monopodial

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9
Q

what is protostele vs siphonostele

A

protostele has no pith and siphonostele has pith in the centre

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10
Q

what is sporogenous tissue

A

spore generating tissue

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11
Q

what is homosporous tissue

A

when the tissue gives rise to spores that all look and behave the same

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12
Q

what is heterosporous tissue

A

when meiosis results in spores of two sizes and sexes

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13
Q

what are the distinguishing features of lycophytes

A
  • lateral sporangia
  • exarch protostele
  • microphylls
  • heterosporous
  • presented by only 5 genera
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14
Q

what are microphylls

A

like leaves, flaps of photosynthetic tissue with only one vein
- thin vasculature

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15
Q

what are megaphylls

A

flaps of photosynthetic tissue with branching veins

- increasingly vascularized

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16
Q

what is lateral sporangia

A

when the sporangia or spore producing structures are located on the sides of a stem

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17
Q

what to micro and megaspores lead to

A

micro and megagametophytes

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18
Q

what is an exarch protostele

A

metaxylem on the outside and protaoxylem on the inside layers

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19
Q

what are lycopodium

A

genera of lycophytes

  • genus of clubmosses
  • isosporus
  • spores clustered into club shaped strobili
  • gametophytes are subterranean and associate with mycorrhizae
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20
Q

what are microsporophylls vs megasporophylls

A

microsporophylls are male and megasporophylls are female sporangia

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21
Q

what are equisetum

A
  • horsetails
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22
Q

what do ferns have

A
  • rhizomes
  • green fronds
  • spores clustered in sori
  • prothalli as gametophyte
  • asexual reproduction
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23
Q

what is a prothallus and how is it made

A

the gametophyte, created from spores that fall onto the ground

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24
Q

what is the indusium

A

umbrella like covering over the sorus

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25
Q

what are sori

A

clusters of spores, position and location of sori is used to distinguish between ferns

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26
Q

what is the megasporangium of the ovule

A

2n, gives rise to and contains the egg

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27
Q

what is the functional megaspore of the ovule

A

haploid n, the egg

28
Q

what is the integument ovule

A

the covering over the ovule, hard covering

29
Q

what is a seed

A

unit of perennation and dispersal in spermatophytes formed by ovule maturation after fertilization

30
Q

what is a spermatophyte

A

a seed producing plant

31
Q

are spermatophytes homosporous or heterosporous

A

heterosporous

32
Q

what is pollen

A

microspore containing a microgametophyte (male) that is transferred passively to the megagametophyte via pollination

33
Q

what is the ovule

A

structure that combines integuments, megagametophyte and nucellus

34
Q

what is the carpel

A

consists of the stigma, style, ovary

  • develops into ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization
  • the rest of the carpel develops into a fruit
35
Q

describe the gymnosperms

A

vascular land plants with naked (gymnosperms) seeds, use special reproductive structures called cones, pine leaves

36
Q

what is a cone

A

modified branch with woody, scale like leaves (sporophylls)

37
Q

what are sporophylls

A

woody scale like leaves on male pinecones

38
Q

what are ovuliferous scales

A

on female pinecones

39
Q

describe ovuliferous scales

A

have two exposed/naked ovules on the upper surface and a subtending sterile bract

40
Q

describe the inside of the male cone

A

microangiospores have microspore mother cells that produce 4 haploid spores after meiosis

41
Q

how do microspores develop in male cones

A

the develop into a winged pollen grain which contains two prothallial cells, a generative cell and a tube cell

42
Q

when does pollen shedding of gymnosperms occur

A

in spring (sulphur showers)

43
Q

what is a spermatogenous cell

A

a sperm body cell

44
Q

are gymnosperms gametophyte or sporophyte dominant

A

sporophyte

45
Q

how are the ovules placed in gymnosperms

A
  • they are exposed and the pollen grains reach the egg passively
  • embryo develops relatively sheltered but is easily dislodged by animals
46
Q

are angiosperms sporophyte or gametophyte dominant

A

sporophyte

47
Q

do flowers have sterile or fertile components or both

A

both

48
Q

how is the sperm cell delivered to the egg cell

A

via pollen tube formation

49
Q

what do carpels contain and what do they do

A

stigma, style and ovule

  • stigma and style develop into the fruit
  • ovule develops into seeds
50
Q

what is the name for “closed flowers” (ones that are self pollinating

A

cleistogamous

51
Q

what is the name for cross pollinating plants

A

chasmogamous

52
Q

what does anemophilous describe

A

cross pollination by wind

53
Q

what does entomophilous describe

A

cross pollination by insects (ex bees)

54
Q

what does zoophilious describe

A

cross pollination by vertebrates (ex birds)

55
Q

what is the visual difference between cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers

A

cleistogamous flowers do not involve pollinating agents or have nectar and elaborate showy petals

56
Q

what are phyllomes

A

vegetative leaves

57
Q

what does it mean that a structure is a determinate structure

A

it is a final structure

58
Q

what is unique about nymphaea (water lily)

A

there is a gradual transformation of petals to stamens, and filaments of outer stamens actually appear petalloid

59
Q

distinguish between gynoecium and androecium

A

gynoecium is the female reproductive parts of flowers, androecium is the male parts

60
Q

what is corolla plural for

A

petals of a flower

61
Q

what is the calyx

A

plural for the sepals of a flower

62
Q

what is a perianth

A

the corolla (petals) and calyx (sepals) collectively

63
Q

what is a tepal

A

when perianth (corolla/petals and calyx/sepals are not distinguishable

64
Q

what is the difference between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flower symmetry

A

actinomorphic means it exhibits radial symmetry and zygomorphic means it exhibits bilateral symmetry (only divides equally into one plane)

65
Q

what is special about scaevola taccada

A

the flowers look like only half a flower (like half the petals are picked off) which means it exhibits unique symmetry

BOT*2100 (8 decks)

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