lecture 4

Question 1

what is stratigraphy?

Answer 1

characteristics of rock relating to layering

Question 2

what are the different principles of stratigraphy, explained?

Answer 2

principle of horizontality: (most) rock layers are created horizontally
principle of continuity: allows us to map out the same rock layer over a large area
principle of uniformity: you know this
principle of superposition: you know this

Question 3

how is layering caused?

Answer 3

by the stress and strain of tectonic planes

Question 4

draw the way we quantify rock deformation

Answer 4

check notes

Question 5

one way in which we know deformation on a strata has occured

Answer 5

what the strata is inclined rather than horizontal

Question 6

what is a strike?

Answer 6

the direction of the horizontal line on a dipping bed

Question 7

what is the dip direction and dip angle?

Answer 7

dip direction: direction of the maximum dip

dip angle: angle below the horizontal

Question 8

what is fracture?

Answer 8

the discontinuity of rock mass

Question 9

what is a joint?

Answer 9

a fracture that has not moved

Question 10

what is a fault?

Answer 10

a fracture that has moved

Question 11

what is a dip slip fault? and the two types

Answer 11

when vertical movement occurs on a fault

normal: caused by tension
reverse: caused by compression

Question 12

what are strike dip faults?

Answer 12

when no vertical movement occurs on a fault

Question 13

what is slikenslides:

Answer 13

smoothing of rock along a fault

Question 14

what is fault breccia:

Answer 14

the breaking of rock along a fault

Question 15

draw the diagram that define heaves and throws

Answer 15

check notes

Question 16

descridd what is meant by Horst and graben

Answer 16

adjacent faults that dip in opposite direction

Question 17

what effect can stress have on some rock

Answer 17

it can deform without fracture

Question 18

what effect can low strain rate have on some rock

Answer 18

brittle rock can behave in a ductile manner

Question 19

5 thing the fold of rock depends on

Answer 19

stress, temperature, confining pressure, time period and rock type

Question 20

draw what a chevon, syncline and anticline look like

Answer 20

check notes

Question 21

what are the ways of describing rock folds?

Answer 21

symmetrical, asymmetrical

isoclinal: limbs almos parallel due to compression
recumbant: fold overturned and plane almost vertical

Question 22

what is unconformity?

Answer 22

periods of ground movements and tectonic deformation occurring between periods of sedimentation

Question 23

what is topography? and how is affected?

Answer 23

the formation of the ground surface and is affected by the rock type as rock strata resistant to weathering form ridges and less resistant rock form valleys

Question 24

what are the two types of rock bedding explained?

Answer 24

graded bedding: coarse-grained sediment at the bottom and finer-grained at the top
crossed bedding: layering at an angle to the main bedding plane