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geology > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is limestone?

A

remains of the skeleton fragments of marine organisms

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2
Q

what is shale?

A

(clay) small particles which have eroded and weathered from existing and are transported in lake/rivers/sea

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3
Q

what are the 5 geological observation and theories?

A

changes on earth happen slowly, weathering and erosion occur (which are the slow changes), uniformitarianism, plutonism, fossils

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4
Q

what is uniformitarianism?

A

the geological processes that occurred in the past are similar to those that occur now (type, speed and the effect)

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5
Q

what is plutonism?

A

when igneous has been formed from the cooling and solidifying of molten material

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6
Q

one way in which fossils are used

A

to identify layers of the sedimentary rock that contain them

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7
Q

what is seismology?

A

mechanical vibrations (waves) travelling through the ground

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8
Q

what are “P” waves and “S” waves?

A

Pwaves: compressional waves (similar to sound waves), 5ms in granite, wave motion
Waves: shear waves, do not travel through liquids, 3ms in granite, wave motion (up and down)

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9
Q

what is the P wave shadow zone?

A

shows that the wave has been bent by the liquid core

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10
Q

what is the S wave shadow zone?

A

shows that the wave has been stopped entirely by the liquid core

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11
Q

what is the interior structure of earth?

A 
inner solid core
outer liquid core
mantle
oceanic crust (5-10km thick)
continental crust (2080km thick)
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12
Q

what is gals

A

the measurement of gravity

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13
Q

what is the measurement of magnetic field strength

A

Tesla

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of plate tectonics

A

transform, divergent and convergent

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15
Q

describe the cycle of geology

A

underground: creation of new rock and deformation of existing
land: erosion and destruction
sea: deposition and formation

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16
Q

what are the 3 methods of dating the age of rock

A

relative, correlation and absolute

17
Q

describe the 3 principles of relative dating

A

superposition- the further down, the older the rock
cross-cutting relationship- igneous rock intrusion is always younger than the rock it cuts across
inclusion- intrusion is older than the formation that contains them

18
Q

what is orogeny

A

all event s that lead to the deformation for the earth’s crust around tectonic boundaries

19
Q

what is correlation dating?

A

matching with surrounding sedimentary rock that is not connected

20
Q

what is absolute dating?

A

using the small amounts of radioactive material that is trapped into igneous rock to determine its age

21
Q

what is geological timescale

A

a system of chronological dating that relates geological strata to time

22
Q

name 2 rocks that are named after timescales

A

carboniferous sandstone, jurassic limestone

geology (10 decks)

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