Lecture 4 8/29/24 Flashcards
Which type of neutrophil is typically released from maturation and storage pools?
segmented neutrophil
What are the characteristics of a left shift?
-bone marrow response to increased peripheral demand
-increased number of less mature neutrophils in circulation
-typically a release of band neutrophils
What is toxic change?
morphologic changes associated with accelerated granulopoiesis/neutrophil maturation
What morphologic changes can be seen during toxic change?
-Döhle bodies
-cytoplasmic basophilia
-cytoplasmic vacuolation
How does toxic change relate to left shift?
toxic change typically only occurs if left shift is also happening
Which neutrophil pool is collected during blood sampling?
circulating pool
What is the ratio between circulating neutrophil pool and marginated neutrophil pool in most species in health?
1:1
What can cause a shift from MGP to CGP, causing neutrophilia?
-epinephrine
-corticosteroids
What can cause a shift from CGP to MGP, causing neutropenia?
endotoxins
How does inflammation result in neutrophilia?
increased production or release from bone marrow
How does severe inflammation result in neutropenia?
increased consumption of neutrophils
How does a diffuse bone marrow disorder result in neutropenia?
decreased production of neutrophils by bone marrow
What are the potential causes of eosinophilia?
-parasitism
-hypersensitivities
-paraneoplastic eosinophilia
What is the potential cause of eosinopenia?
corticosteroid response
What are the potential causes of basophilia?
similar conditions that cause eosinophilia
What is the relationship between basophilia and eosinophilia?
-basophilia will only be seen if eosinophilia is also present
-eosinophilia can occur without basophilia
What is the significance of basopenia?
it is undetectable on routine CBC
What are the potential causes of monocytosis?
-inflammation
-corticosteroids
What is the significance of monocytopenia?
there is no significance
Where are the majority of lymphocytes produced in post-neonatal animals?
lymphoid tissue outside of the bone marrow
What are the potential causes of lymphocytosis?
-epinephrine responses
-young animals
-causes of chronic inflammation
-lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma
What are the causes of lymphopenia?
-glucocorticoids
-possibly inflammation
What are the characteristics of granular lymphocytes?
-more cytoplasm, with small pink-red granules
-T or NK lineage
-low numbers normally in circulation
-increased numbers in certain inflammatory conditions or GL leukemia
What are the characteristics of reactive lymphocytes?
-metabolically active lymphocytes that are produced due to antigenic stimulation
-deeply basophilic cytoplasm
-slightly enlarged with an indented or irregular nucleus
What are the characteristics of total WBC count?
-analyzer counts cells with nuclei
-nRBCs are included in the raw WBC count
-correction for nRBCs can be performed via calculation
What are the characteristics of the WBC percentage differential?
-reported as a percent of each WBC type
-obtained by classifying 100 consecutive WBCs on blood smear
-not used for interpretation
-only used to calculate absolute differential
What are the characteristics of the WBC absolute differential?
-reported as number per unit volume of blood
-calculated from total WBC count and percentage differential
-used to interpret leukogram
Which cell types/changes cannot be identified by hematology analyzers?
-band neutrophils
-nRBCs
-reactive lymphocytes
-toxic neutrophils
-leukemia cells
-lymphoma cells
What is the “stress leukogram?”
leukogram changes in response to endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids
What changes on leukogram are attributed to glucocorticoids?
-neutrophilia
-lymphopenia
-monocytosis (sometimes)
-eosinopenia (sometimes)
What is the mechanism for neutrophilia in response to glucocorticoids?
shift from MGP to CGP
What are the characteristics of an inflammatory leukogram?
-neutrophil count represents balance between tissue demand and bone marrow supply
-may not see any leukogram changes
-leukogram changes that do occur may be similar to glucocorticoid response
What is the classic inflammatory leukogram?
-neutrophilia
-left shift
-possible toxic neutrophils
-possible monocytosis
What is the leukogram in overwhelming severe inflammation?
-neutropenia
-left shift +/- degenerative left shift
-often toxic neutrophils
What are the other possible types of inflammatory leukograms?
-left shift and/or toxic change with normal neutrophil count
-mature neutrophilia with no left shift if evidence of inflammation is present elsewhere
What changes are seen on an epinephrine leukogram?
-neutrophilia (MGP to CGP shift)
-lymphocytosis (released from spleen)
