Lecture 4 8/29/24

Question 1

Which type of neutrophil is typically released from maturation and storage pools?

Answer 1

segmented neutrophil

Question 2

What are the characteristics of a left shift?

Answer 2

-bone marrow response to increased peripheral demand
-increased number of less mature neutrophils in circulation
-typically a release of band neutrophils

Question 3

What is toxic change?

Answer 3

morphologic changes associated with accelerated granulopoiesis/neutrophil maturation

Question 4

What morphologic changes can be seen during toxic change?

Answer 4

-Döhle bodies
-cytoplasmic basophilia
-cytoplasmic vacuolation

Question 5

How does toxic change relate to left shift?

Answer 5

toxic change typically only occurs if left shift is also happening

Question 6

Which neutrophil pool is collected during blood sampling?

Answer 6

circulating pool

Question 7

What is the ratio between circulating neutrophil pool and marginated neutrophil pool in most species in health?

Answer 7

1:1

Question 8

What can cause a shift from MGP to CGP, causing neutrophilia?

Answer 8

-epinephrine
-corticosteroids

Question 9

What can cause a shift from CGP to MGP, causing neutropenia?

Answer 9

endotoxins

Question 10

How does inflammation result in neutrophilia?

Answer 10

increased production or release from bone marrow

Question 11

How does severe inflammation result in neutropenia?

Answer 11

increased consumption of neutrophils

Question 12

How does a diffuse bone marrow disorder result in neutropenia?

Answer 12

decreased production of neutrophils by bone marrow

Question 13

What are the potential causes of eosinophilia?

Answer 13

-parasitism
-hypersensitivities
-paraneoplastic eosinophilia

Question 14

What is the potential cause of eosinopenia?

Answer 14

corticosteroid response

Question 15

What are the potential causes of basophilia?

Answer 15

similar conditions that cause eosinophilia

Question 16

What is the relationship between basophilia and eosinophilia?

Answer 16

-basophilia will only be seen if eosinophilia is also present
-eosinophilia can occur without basophilia

Question 17

What is the significance of basopenia?

Answer 17

it is undetectable on routine CBC

Question 18

What are the potential causes of monocytosis?

Answer 18

-inflammation
-corticosteroids

Question 19

What is the significance of monocytopenia?

Answer 19

there is no significance

Question 20

Where are the majority of lymphocytes produced in post-neonatal animals?

Answer 20

lymphoid tissue outside of the bone marrow

Question 21

What are the potential causes of lymphocytosis?

Answer 21

-epinephrine responses
-young animals
-causes of chronic inflammation
-lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma

Question 22

What are the causes of lymphopenia?

Answer 22

-glucocorticoids
-possibly inflammation

Question 23

What are the characteristics of granular lymphocytes?

Answer 23

-more cytoplasm, with small pink-red granules
-T or NK lineage
-low numbers normally in circulation
-increased numbers in certain inflammatory conditions or GL leukemia

Question 24

What are the characteristics of reactive lymphocytes?

Answer 24

-metabolically active lymphocytes that are produced due to antigenic stimulation
-deeply basophilic cytoplasm
-slightly enlarged with an indented or irregular nucleus

Question 25

What are the characteristics of total WBC count?

Answer 25

-analyzer counts cells with nuclei
-nRBCs are included in the raw WBC count
-correction for nRBCs can be performed via calculation

Question 26

What are the characteristics of the WBC percentage differential?

Answer 26

-reported as a percent of each WBC type
-obtained by classifying 100 consecutive WBCs on blood smear
-not used for interpretation
-only used to calculate absolute differential

Question 27

What are the characteristics of the WBC absolute differential?

Answer 27

-reported as number per unit volume of blood
-calculated from total WBC count and percentage differential
-used to interpret leukogram

Question 28

Which cell types/changes cannot be identified by hematology analyzers?

Answer 28

-band neutrophils
-nRBCs
-reactive lymphocytes
-toxic neutrophils
-leukemia cells
-lymphoma cells

Question 29

What is the “stress leukogram?”

Answer 29

leukogram changes in response to endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids

Question 30

What changes on leukogram are attributed to glucocorticoids?

Answer 30

-neutrophilia
-lymphopenia
-monocytosis (sometimes)
-eosinopenia (sometimes)

Question 31

What is the mechanism for neutrophilia in response to glucocorticoids?

Answer 31

shift from MGP to CGP

Question 32

What are the characteristics of an inflammatory leukogram?

Answer 32

-neutrophil count represents balance between tissue demand and bone marrow supply
-may not see any leukogram changes
-leukogram changes that do occur may be similar to glucocorticoid response

Question 33

What is the classic inflammatory leukogram?

Answer 33

-neutrophilia
-left shift
-possible toxic neutrophils
-possible monocytosis

Question 34

What is the leukogram in overwhelming severe inflammation?

Answer 34

-neutropenia
-left shift +/- degenerative left shift
-often toxic neutrophils

Question 35

What are the other possible types of inflammatory leukograms?

Answer 35

-left shift and/or toxic change with normal neutrophil count
-mature neutrophilia with no left shift if evidence of inflammation is present elsewhere

Question 36

What changes are seen on an epinephrine leukogram?

Answer 36

-neutrophilia (MGP to CGP shift)
-lymphocytosis (released from spleen)