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FA2 Clinical Pathology > Lecture 1 8/22/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 8/22/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What changes do erythrocytes undergo during maturation?

A

-become progressively smaller
-nucleus becomes progressively condensed

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2
Q

What stage of the RBC is released from the bone marrow in the majority of species when in health?

A

reticulocytes

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3
Q

How do mature erythrocytes appear on blood smear?

A

-red-orange stain
-round and biconcave
-central pallor

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4
Q

How do reticulocytes appear on blood smear?

A

-blue-purple stain
-slightly larger than mature erythrocytes
-more visible central pallor

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5
Q

Which state of iron is required for hemoglobin production?

A

ferrous state (Fe2+)

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6
Q

How is bilirubin produced?

A

breakdown of the porphyrin ring in heme

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7
Q

How do enterocytes function in iron metabolism?

A

absorption and storage of dietary iron

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8
Q

How do macrophages function in iron metabolism?

A

degradation of aged RBCs and recycling and storage of iron

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9
Q

How do hepatocytes function in iron metabolism?

A

storage of iron

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10
Q

What is ferritin?

A

a storage protein for iron that can enter circulation in small amounts

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11
Q

Why is measuring ferritin useful?

A

provides an estimate of the storage iron in an animal’s body

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12
Q

What is transferrin?

A

protein that transports iron in the blood

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13
Q

How does inflammation impact iron storage and export?

A

inflammatory mediator hepcidin degrades the channel that releases iron from the cell into the bloodstream, trapping iron in its storage sites

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of iron-restricted erythropoiesis?

A

-occurs when there are inadequate amounts of iron for normal hemoglobin production
-can lead to anemia

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15
Q

What are the two most common causes of iron-restricted erythropoiesis?

A

-depleted iron stores/absolute iron deficiency
-iron sequestration due to inflammation

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16
Q

What is extravascular hemolysis?

A

removal of RBCs from the blood and degradation of RBCs within macrophages adjacent to the blood vessels

17
Q

What is intravascular hemolysis?

A

RBCs rupture within the blood vessel, releasing free hemoglobin into the plasma

18
Q

Which form of hemolysis clears the majority of aged RBCs?

A

extravascular hemolysis

19
Q

What are the two potential causes of increased bilirubin?

A

-hemolysis
-liver dysfunction

20
Q

What are the two hallmark features of intravascular hemolysis?

A

-hemoglobinemia
-hemoglobinuria

21
Q

What leads to the red discoloration of urine and plasma in hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria?

A

large amounts of free hemoglobin entering the plasma and urine

22
Q

Which components of the erythrogram are indicators of RBC mass?

A

-hematocrit/packed cell volume
-RBC count
-hemoglobin concentration

23
Q

What are the characteristics of the indicators of RBC mass as a group?

A

-typically increase/decrease together
-decrease indicates anemia
-increase indicates erythrocytosis

24
Q

What is indicated by HCT and PCV?

A

percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

25
Q

What is indicated by RBC count?

A

number of RBCs in a microliter of whole blood

26
Q

What is indicated by HGB concentration?

A

grams of hemoglobin in each deciliter of whole blood

27
Q

What is HGB concentration proportional to?

A

total mass of RBCs in the blood

28
Q

Which components of the erythrogram are considered RBC indices?

A

-mean cell volume
-mean cell hemoglobin concentration
-red cell distribution width

29
Q

What information does MCV provide?

A

average size of the RBCs

30
Q

What information does MCHC provide?

A

average concentration of hemoglobin in each RBC

31
Q

What information does RDW provide?

A

variation in RBC size

32
Q

What are the descriptors for MCV?

A

-normocytic/within ref. interval
-microcytic/below ref.
-macrocytic/above ref.

33
Q

What are the descriptors for MCHC?

A

-normochromic/within ref. interval
-hypochromic/below ref.
-hyperchromic/above ref.

34
Q

What causes increased MCHC to appear on a CBC?

A

-falsely increased HGB
-falsely decreased HCT
-MCHC is always artifact and falsely high

35
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

variability in cell size

36
Q

What does an increased RDW indicate?

A

an increased number of smaller and/or larger RBCs

37
Q

What is the importance of the absolute reticulocyte count?

A

allows for the determination between regenerative and non-regenerative anemia

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the CHr measurement?

A

-measures amount of hemoglobin present in reticulocytes
-used when evaluating for iron deficiency

FA2 Clinical Pathology (21 decks)

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