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Anatomy Exam 1 Semester 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of contraction?

A

Isometric and isotonic

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2
Q

A type of contraction that the length of the muscle does not change?

A

Isometric

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3
Q

A type of contraction that the length of the muscle does change?

A

Isotonic

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4
Q

When a muscle gets shorter it is called?

A

concentric

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5
Q

When a muscle gets longer it is called?

A

eccentric

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6
Q

What are the basis for names of muscles?

A

Shape, origin-insertion, function, relative size, fiber arrangement, location

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7
Q

What are the types of fiber arrangements?

A

Straight, fusiform, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

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8
Q

A muscle doing the desired action is called what?

A

agonist

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9
Q

A muscle that opposes the agonist is called what?

A

antagonist

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10
Q

A muscle that eliminates unwanted action by the agonist?

A

synergist

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11
Q

A muscle that stabilizes base of attachment of agonist is called what?

A

fixator

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12
Q

A muscle that crosses only one joint is called what?

A

unijoint

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13
Q

A muscle that crosses more than one joint is called what?

A

multijoint

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14
Q

What is the inability of multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously?

A

insufficiency

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15
Q

Which type of insufficiency refers to the agonist?

A

active insufficiency

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16
Q

Which type of insufficiency refers to the antagonist?

A

passive insufficiency

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17
Q

What is it called when a muscle whose primary function is to cause the particular movement and one which makes a strong contribution to that movement?

A

prime mover

18
Q

When it has the ability to assist in the movement but is only of secondary importance to the movement what is it called?

A

assistant mover

19
Q

When a muscle acts as a stabilizer it usually contracts how?

A

isometrically

20
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

21
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal, smooth and cardiac tissue?

A
  1. Striated, voluntary, multinucleated
  2. Non-striated, involuntary, mononucleated
  3. Striated, involuntary, mononucleated
22
Q

What are the major characteristics of cardiac muscles?

A

Intercellular junctions called intercalated discs

23
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

striated, peripheral nuclei, multinucleated, conducts action potentials

24
Q

What is the gross structure of tendons?

A

Attachments between muscle fibers and bone, dense collagenous connective tissue, surrounded by peritendineum, bundles of collagen fibers, poorly vascularized

25
Q

What are the gross structures of aponeuroses?

A

Flat, fan-shaped tendons typically giving rise to other tendons

26
Q

What is the hierarchical structure of skeletal muscle?

A

myofilament, myofibril, myofiber, fascicle, muscle

27
Q

What are the types of myofilaments and how are they organized?

A

Types: myosin and actin

Organized by: sarcomeres

28
Q

Myofibrils are what?

A

chain of sarcomeres

29
Q

What is often referred to as a muscle cell, and are a bundle of myofibrils?

A

myofiber

30
Q

What is a bundle of myofibers?

A

fascicle

31
Q

what does connective tissue provide?

A

Physical support and a pathway for nerves and vessels

32
Q

What surrounds each muscle fiber and lies outside sarcolemma?

A

endomysium

33
Q

What surrounds each fascicle?

A

perimysium

34
Q

What surrounds each muscle, becomes continuous with tendons and attached to periosteum?

A

epimysium

35
Q

What are some characteristics of dark fibers?

A
  • Do not fatigue
  • Contract slow
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • large # of mitochondria
  • high concentration of myoglobin
  • low concentration of ATPase
36
Q

What are some characteristics of light fibers?

A
  • fatigue fast
  • contract fast
  • glycolysis
  • small # of mitochondria
  • low concentration of myoglobin
  • high concentration of ATPase
37
Q

A motor unit consists of a __ and all the myofibers it innervates.

A

motor neuron

38
Q

What is in the middle of the A band, composed entirely of myosin, band width changes during contraction?

A

H-band

39
Q

What is on either side of A band and split by Z-lines and is composed entirely of actin?

A

I bands

40
Q

What is between two I bands in the middle of the sarcomere, composed of both myosin and actin, represents length of myosin chains, does not change width during contraction?

A

A-band

41
Q

What are the tubular extensions of the muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma) that extend down into the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) and conduct action potential from cell membrane surface to interior?

A

T-tubules

42
Q

What are saccular extensions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that release calcium ions in response to action potential, calcium ions trigger sliding myosin and actin filaments resulting in a contraction?

A

Cisternae

Anatomy Exam 1 Semester 1 (6 decks)

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