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Anatomy Exam 1 Semester 1 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax (sternum and ribs)

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2
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle, upper extremity, pelvic girdle, lower extremity

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3
Q

What are the skeletal system functions?

A
  • Structure and protection
  • Muscle attachement
  • leverage for movement
  • Hemopoiesis
  • Calcium and phosphate reservoir
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4
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle and upper extremity?

A

Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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5
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle and lower extremity?

A

Pelvic bones, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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6
Q

What are the bone classifications and an example of each?

A
  • Longe bones (femur, ulna phalanges, metacarpals, radius)
  • Short bones (carpals)
  • Flat bones (bones of skull cap)
  • Irregular bones (vertebrae, some facial bones, sacrum)
  • Sesamoid bones (patella)
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7
Q

What is a diaphysis?

A

(SHAFT) Elongated and may have medullary cavity (with bone marrow)

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8
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

(ENDS) separated from diaphysis by a growth plate

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9
Q

What is the gross structure of the periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous connective tissue covering of bone, continuous with connective tissue coverings of muscles, tendons and ligaments.

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10
Q

What is the gross structure of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, periosteum, endosteum, blood supply, articular cartilage.

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11
Q

What are the steps in membrane bone formation?

A
  1. Bone laid down in fibrous connective tissue matrix.
  2. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix.
  3. Bone formed has spongy bone
  4. Periosteum forms on either side of spongy bone.
  5. Periosteum lays down layers of compact bone on top of spongy bone.
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12
Q

Membrane bones can grow how?

A

Grow appositionally both in thickness and diameter.

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13
Q

Where does the endochondral bone form?

A

occurs within a hyaline cartilage model

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14
Q

Cartilage is ___ by bone and does not become bone

A

Replaced

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15
Q

Endochondral bone formation is also called what?

A

replacement bone formation.

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16
Q

What are the steps in endochondral bone formation?

A
  1. Primary ossification center occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model.
  2. Chondrocytes become hypertrophic
  3. Chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor.
  4. Blood vessels break through perichondrium
  5. Hypertrophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis leaving behind calcified matrix
  6. Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid.
  7. Osteoid is calcified
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17
Q

What is a joint?

A

where two bones come together

18
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A 
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)
Fibrous joints (synarthroses)
Synovial Joints (diarthroses)
19
Q

How are cartilaginous joints joined together?

A

Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

20
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphysis and synchondrosis

21
Q

What is the symphysis cartilaginous joint made of and give examples.

A

Fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis; intervertebral discs)

22
Q

What is the synchondrosis cartilaginous joint made of and give an example.

A

Hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plate, first sternocostal joint)

23
Q

Fibrous joints are also referred to as what?

A

Synarthrosis

24
Q

How are bones joined in fibrous joints?

A

Collagenous or elastic fibrous tissues

25
Q

What are the examples of fibrous joints?

A

Suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

26
Q

What makes up the synovial joint?

A

Bone, articular cartilage, Cavity (SC), capsule (Outer fibrous Innervated (FC) and inner synovial (vascularized) (SM)). Ligaments, Sharpey’s fibers, synovial fluid

27
Q

What are they types of synovial joints?

A

Uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, nonaxial

28
Q

What are the uniaxial joints and what are some examples?

A

Hinge (elbow and knee) and Pivot (atlantoaxial, radioulnar)

29
Q

What are the biaxial joints and what are some examples?

A

Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal and atlantooccipital)

Saddle (first carpometacarpal joint)

30
Q

What are the triaxial joints and what are some examples?

A

Ball and socket (glenohumeral, femoroacetabular)

31
Q

What are the nonaxial joints and what are some examples?

A

Plane joints (sternoclavicular, scapuloclavicular, zygapophyses)

32
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connect muscle to bone

33
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connect bone to bone

34
Q

What are the characteristics of tendons and ligaments?

A

Densely packed bundles of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, fibrocytes

35
Q

Fibers and matrix are formed by?

A

Fibroblasts

36
Q

Fibers and matrix are maintained by?

A

Fibrocytes

37
Q

Each collagen fiber is surrounded by what?

A

Endotendineum

38
Q

What consists of a bundle of collagen fibers?

A

Fascicle

39
Q

Fascicle consists of bundle of collagen fibers that are surrounded by what?

A

peritendineum

40
Q

What consists of a bundle of fascicles?

A

tendon or ligament

41
Q

Tendon or ligaments consists of a bundle of fascicles surrounded by what?

A

Epitendineum

Anatomy Exam 1 Semester 1 (6 decks)

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