Lecture 2

Question 1

List the general functions of connective tissue

Answer 1

Physically supports other tissues, binds other tissues together, provides structural framework and opposes gravity, helps create body contours, houses specialized tissues.

Question 2

Describe embryonic connective tissue.

Answer 2

Found in umbilical cord and in the pulp of developing teeth, referred to as Whartons jelly in the umbilical cord, composed of some collagen and elastic fibers but mostly an abundance of extracellular matrix.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of adult CT?

Answer 3

Loose (stellar). High ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components. Type I collagen fibers and elastic fibers.

Question 4

Where is adult CT found?

Answer 4

Usually found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs including the tunica adventitia of the blood vessels.

Question 5

What does adult CT contain?

Answer 5

It contains fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and capillaries

Question 6

What are the four types of adult connective tissue.

Answer 6

Reticular, elastic, loose, white fibrous

Question 7

What are the characteristics of white fibrous CT?

Answer 7

High ratio of fibrous components to fibroblasts. Thicker bundles of collagen than loose CT. Dense regular connective tissue is characterized highly ordered bundles of collagen separated by single rows of fibroblasts.

Question 8

Where is white fibrous connective tissue found?

Answer 8

In tendons and ligaments

Question 9

What are the special cases of CT?

Answer 9

Adipose, hematopoietic (blood forming tissue), cartilage, bone

Question 10

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

Answer 10

White fat and brown fat

Question 11

What is adipose tissues composed of?

Answer 11

Consisted of small to large accumulations of fat containing cells referred to as adipocytes.

Question 12

Describe white fat.

Answer 12

It is located throughout the body, is unilocular (one drop of fat)

Question 13

Describe brown fat.

Answer 13

Its cells contain numerous smaller lipid droplets. It is multilocular, slightly more cytoplasm, abundant mitochondria which give them their brown color, used for heat production. Primarily found in infants

Question 14

What is the ground substance of connective tissue matrix?

Answer 14

Ground substance is mostly composed of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

Question 15

What are the 3 types of cartilage tissue?

Answer 15

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Question 16

GAGs fall into four groups. What are they and which two are the most abundant?

Answer 16

Hyaluronic acid, heparin and heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate. The two most abundant are hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

Question 17

What are the two glycoproteins?

Answer 17

Chondronectin and laminin

Question 18

What are chondroblasts?

Answer 18

Cartilage forming cells

Question 19

What are chondrocytes?

Answer 19

Cartilage maintenance cells

Question 20

What is found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

Answer 20

Collagen fibers mostly type II and amorphous ground substance

Question 21

What are the cartilage functions?

Answer 21

Compressible, resists distortion, absorbs shock in joint, reduces friction in movable joints, necessary for endochondral bond growth, involved in bone fracture repair

Question 22

Where is the hyaline cartilage located?

Answer 22

Ears, nose and movable joint surfaces

Question 23

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 23

Parts of larynx l, auricle pinna of ear and epiglottis

Question 24

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 24

Less movable joints and intervertebral joints

Question 25

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

Answer 25

Surrounded by perichondrium. Yellow because of elastic fibers. More opaque, flexible and elastic, chondrocytes located singly. Type II collagen.

Question 26

What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?

Answer 26

Increased collagen in matrix, reduced cellularity, not surrounded by perichondrium, opaque, type I collagen, spine sparse chondrocytes. Insertion of some tendons and ligaments. Closely associated with dense connective tissue or hyaline cartilage

Question 27

What is the most common type of cartilage?

Answer 27

Hyaline

Question 28

What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 28

Avascular, contains type II collagen fibers. Surrounded by perichondrium, translucent, solid but flexible. Chondrocytes are often found in cell groups. Lacunae within. Supportive cartilage, associated with high moveable joint. Deteriorates with age and hardly repairs after damage.

Question 29

What are the two growth pattern of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 29

Appositional (grows by adding more material to outside the structure), and interstitial (occurs from within)

Question 30

List the majors components of bone matrix.

Answer 30

An organic component referred to as osteoid, an inorganic component referred to as hydroxyapatitie

Question 31

What are the tree major types of bone tissue?

Answer 31

Woven, spongy, and compact

Question 32

What are the characteristics of woven bone?

Answer 32

Occurs during bone development and bone repair, produced rapidly, haphazard collagen foundation, less structural integrity

Question 33

What are the characteristics of spongy bone?

Answer 33

Also called trabecular or cancellous bone. Has 3D Latrice of branching bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bones and flat bones.

Question 34

What are the compact bone characteristics?

Answer 34

Also called lamellar bone, bone matrix is organized into layers called laminae, layers may be flattened and parallel. Layers may be concentric and parallel around a central canal.

Question 35

Where do you find osteoblasts?

Answer 35

Lacuna