Lecture 1

Question 1

Some reasons for learning surface anatomy?

Answer 1

Auscultation, palpation, bony landmarks, dermatomes, neural assessment.

Question 2

Why is the basement membrane important to the dermis and epidermis.

Answer 2

It allows the epidermis and dermis to interact with each other.

Question 3

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Answer 3

Stratum cornermen, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Question 4

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 4

Papillary later and reticular layer

Question 5

What is the epidermis made up of!?

Answer 5

Stratified squamous epithelium, it is made up of 4-5 layers. It is innervated and avascular.

Question 6

Stratum corneum is made up of what type of cells?

Answer 6

The cells in this layer are dead and keratinized.

Question 7

What is the dermis classified as?

Answer 7

Classified as dense irregular connective tissue that has an abundance of collagen fibers. There is some elastic fibers. The dermis is vascularized.

Question 8

The papillary layer is located where? And what characteristics does it have?

Answer 8

In the dermis. It is made up of loose CT, separated from epidermis by basal lamina, network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries.

Question 9

The reticular layer is located where? And what are it’s characteristics?

Answer 9

Located in the dermis. Made up of dense irregular CT, includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes

Question 10

The superficial fascia consists of what? And supports what?

Answer 10

Consists of loose bundles of collagen and elastic fibers with variably sized aggregations of lipocytes. It supports cutaneous nerves and blood vessels. May be loosely or tightly attached.

Question 11

Glands are what type of structures?

Answer 11

Glands are epithelial structures.

Question 12

What are he characteristics of sudoriferous glands?

Answer 12

They are sweat glands that are long, simple tubular glands. They have two methods of secretions merocrine and apocrine

Question 13

What are the characteristics of merocrine secretion?

Answer 13

Secretion is thin and watery, secretory cell is not damaged in the process of secretion.

Question 14

What are the characteristics of apocrine secretion?

Answer 14

Found in labia majors, areola, and axillary and anal regions. Secretions are thicker and more viscous than merocrine types. Excretory ducts poem into hair follicle. Adrenergic innervation. Inactive till puberty.

Question 15

What are the special types of apocrine secretion?

Answer 15

Ceruminous glands and glands of mill

Question 16

What are the characteristics of sebaceous glands?

Answer 16

Are holocrine, secretions are thick, secretory cell is destroyed in the process of secretion. They are associated with hair follicles.

Question 17

What type of components are released via merocrine secretion ?

Answer 17

Protein components

Question 18

What type of components are released via the apocrine secretion?

Answer 18

Lipid components.

Question 19

What is lanugo?

Answer 19

The earliest fine embryonic hair

Question 20

Hair develops when?

Answer 20

3rd month of gestation

Question 21

The new downy coat of hair that appears a few months after birth is called what?

Answer 21

Vellus

Question 22

Hairs: what is the shaft made of?

Answer 22

Made up of dead cornified epidermal cells

Question 23

What is a hair made up of?

Answer 23

Shaft, follicle, dermal papilla with matrix, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland, hair bulb and connective tissue papilla, hair follicles are innervated.

Question 24

Hair is found everywhere except?

Answer 24

Palms, soles, dorsal distal phalanges, Amal and urogenital apertures

Question 25

Ungis is made up of what?

Answer 25

Modified stratum corneum, flattened avascular and not innervated

Question 26

What is the subungis?

Answer 26

Where the skin and nail attach at the end of the finger

Question 27

Where are melanocytes found, what are they derived from and what do they form?

Answer 27

Found in the deep layers of epidermis. Derived from nervous system components. They form melanosomes

Question 28

What are the specialized cells in the integumentary?

Answer 28

Langerhans cells, merkel cells, meissner corpuscles and Pacino corpuscles.

Question 29

What are the characteristics of langerhans cell?

Answer 29

Dendritic cells, derived from monocytes, antigen presenting cells, primarily in stratum spinosum, migrate from epidermis to lymph nodes, birbeck granules

Question 30

What are birbeck granules?

Answer 30

Contain proteins involved in the uptake and delivery of antigens

Question 31

What are the characteristics of merkel cells?

Answer 31

Mechanoreceptors, May also act as diffuse neuroendocrine cells, usually in stratum germinativum, contain catecholamine like granules

Question 32

What are Langer lines?

Answer 32

Represent tension lines created by Orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis of the skin

Question 33

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 33

Cells typically have a relatively uniform geometric shape when viewed from the side. Cells are tightly bound. Have relatively little intercellular matrix. Display free surfaces. Do not contain blood vessels. May be innervated. Like body cavities and cover body surfaces. Form secretory and excretory parts of glands.

Question 34

What is a apical domain?

Answer 34

These are the surfaces of the cells that are in contact with the lumen or external environment

Question 35

What are basolateral domains?

Answer 35

These include the surfaces of cells that are locked together by special junctions complexes with neighboring cells as well as the surface opposite the apical domain that is in contact with the basal lamina.

Question 36

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

Answer 36

Elective filtration barrier, scaffold for embryogenesis and regeneration, stabilization of tissue shapes