Lecture 4 Flashcards
Descriptive methods try to better understand a phenomenon __________ experimentation
without
What is an experiment?
Using manipulatioon and control to determine if an IV causes a change in DV
Descriptive methods don’t include what?
IV manipulation
What is a limitation of descriptive methods?
They can establish a correlation, but they don’t equal causation
What are the types of descriptive methods?
Observational designs
Archival/physical trace
Surveys
___________ _________ can be done in natural setting or in the lab.
Observational designs
Name two types of observation that don’t require intervention?
Naturalistic
Participant
What is the Heisenberg Principle of Observation?
That by Observer being there, you might not be certain of what would have happened had observe not been there.
__________ participant observation used to increase likelihood of natural behavior
Disguised
What are some potential problems related to participant observation?
Loss of objectivity
Privacy Violation
Observer still could affect phenomenon
What is observation with intervention?
Researcher creates an event and observes how people respond
What is external validity?
Making sure that results can be generalized to other people and settings.
Define time sampling
Regular or random intervals
Event sampling
only when a behavior occurs
Situation sampling
observation across multiple situations
What is coding and what must it include?
Converting observed behavior into quantitative data. Must include precise definitions of conditions, systematic and objective observations, and careful record keeping.
T/F: A behavior must be well defined in order to observe and code it
True
What is the nominal scale?
For identification purposes, no math meaning
What is the Ordinal scale?
Rank order, we only know which is greater than the other but not by how much
What is the Interval scale?
rank order, equidistant between values, can calculate a difference
What is the ratio scale?
rank order, equidistant, meaningful zero. Ex) Age, weight
What is inter-rater reliability?
Do observers rate the same behavior in the same way?
How do we maximize inter-rater reliability?
Specific coding scheme, observer training
We often use ________ _______ to assess inter-observer reliability.
correlation coefficients
What is is called when observer influences the observed?
reactivity
What are demand characteristics?
Attempting to be a good participant in ways that match what you think the researcher wants
What is social desirability?
Participant wants to be liked and hides the bad stuff.
What is observer bias?
Observed influences the observer.
What are some ways to counteract reactivity?
concealing observer
desensitize participant
Physical trace/archival studies
Observation can only establish ___________ relationships
predictive
