Lecture 4

Question 1

Descriptive methods try to better understand a phenomenon __________ experimentation

Answer 1

without

Question 2

What is an experiment?

Answer 2

Using manipulatioon and control to determine if an IV causes a change in DV

Question 3

Descriptive methods don’t include what?

Answer 3

IV manipulation

Question 4

What is a limitation of descriptive methods?

Answer 4

They can establish a correlation, but they don’t equal causation

Question 5

What are the types of descriptive methods?

Answer 5

Observational designs
Archival/physical trace
Surveys

Question 6

___________ _________ can be done in natural setting or in the lab.

Answer 6

Observational designs

Question 7

Name two types of observation that don’t require intervention?

Answer 7

Naturalistic

Participant

Question 8

What is the Heisenberg Principle of Observation?

Answer 8

That by Observer being there, you might not be certain of what would have happened had observe not been there.

Question 9

__________ participant observation used to increase likelihood of natural behavior

Answer 9

Disguised

Question 10

What are some potential problems related to participant observation?

Answer 10

Loss of objectivity
Privacy Violation
Observer still could affect phenomenon

Question 11

What is observation with intervention?

Answer 11

Researcher creates an event and observes how people respond

Question 12

What is external validity?

Answer 12

Making sure that results can be generalized to other people and settings.

Question 13

Define time sampling

Answer 13

Regular or random intervals

Question 14

Event sampling

Answer 14

only when a behavior occurs

Question 15

Situation sampling

Answer 15

observation across multiple situations

Question 16

What is coding and what must it include?

Answer 16

Converting observed behavior into quantitative data. Must include precise definitions of conditions, systematic and objective observations, and careful record keeping.

Question 17

T/F: A behavior must be well defined in order to observe and code it

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the nominal scale?

Answer 18

For identification purposes, no math meaning

Question 19

What is the Ordinal scale?

Answer 19

Rank order, we only know which is greater than the other but not by how much

Question 20

What is the Interval scale?

Answer 20

rank order, equidistant between values, can calculate a difference

Question 21

What is the ratio scale?

Answer 21

rank order, equidistant, meaningful zero. Ex) Age, weight

Question 22

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 22

Do observers rate the same behavior in the same way?

Question 23

How do we maximize inter-rater reliability?

Answer 23

Specific coding scheme, observer training

Question 24

We often use ________ _______ to assess inter-observer reliability.

Answer 24

correlation coefficients

Question 25

What is is called when observer influences the observed?

Answer 25

reactivity

Question 26

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 26

Attempting to be a good participant in ways that match what you think the researcher wants

Question 27

What is social desirability?

Answer 27

Participant wants to be liked and hides the bad stuff.

Question 28

What is observer bias?

Answer 28

Observed influences the observer.

Question 29

What are some ways to counteract reactivity?

Answer 29

concealing observer
desensitize participant
Physical trace/archival studies

Question 30

Observation can only establish ___________ relationships

Answer 30

predictive