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Bio 223 Midterm/Practical 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system:

A

-Support and protection-Mineral (calcium and phosphorus) and lipid storage (yellow marrow - fatty)-Hematopoiesis (red marrow) - creating blood cells-Movement

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2
Q

Types of cartilage:

A

HyalineElasticFibrocartilage

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3
Q

Dentin and enamel are derived from what specific germ layer?

A

Neural crest ectoderm

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4
Q

What are cartilage cells?

A

chondrocytes

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5
Q

The manner is which cartilage grows:

A

Interstitial growth (between the cells)

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6
Q

The perichondrium means…and is made of what?

A

around the cartilage(dense irregular fibrous connective tissue)

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7
Q

Bone cells are called…

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

Organic content of bones:

A

Osteocytes and collagen

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9
Q

Mineral (inorganic) content of bones:

A

Hydroxyapatite

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10
Q

Types of bones and describe each.

A

Long bones: longer than they are wideFlat bones: flatter than they are highShort bones: almost cubes (not perfectly)Sesmoid bones: look like sesame seedsSutural bones: between cranial suturesIrregular bones: unique

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11
Q

If you start “attaching” minerals to the matrix of cartilage, what happens?

A

It changes into bone

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12
Q

Examples of each type of boneLong bones:Flat bones: Short bones:Sesmoid bones: Sutural bones: Irregular bones:

A

-Long bones: most limb bones including phalanges-Flat bones: cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula-Short bones: carpal and tarsal bones-Sesmoid bones: patella, intratendonous bones-Sutural bones: between cranial structures-Irregular bones: vertebrae, pelvic bones, some cranial bones

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13
Q

What is different about sesmoid bones?

A

They grow inside tendons (like patella bone)

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14
Q

Elevations and projections featuresProcess:Ramus:

A

Process: generic term for a projectionRamus: a projection that forms a sharp angle

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15
Q

Tendon or ligament featuresTrochanter/Tuberosity:Tubercle:Crest/Line:Spine:

A

Trochanter/Tuberosity: rough projections (usually for attachment of ligament/tendon - more surface area)Tubercle: smooth projection (smaller attachments)Crest/Line: large and small ridgesSpine: a point

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16
Q

Articulation featuresHead:Neck:Condyle:Trochlea:Facet:

A

Head: expanded articular endNeck: narrow area between head and shaftCondyle: smooth, rounded articular portion (in pairs)Trochlea: grooved articular portion Facet: flat articular area (in between vertebrae)

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17
Q

Depressions and openings featuresFossa:Sulcus:Foramen vs. canal:Fissure:Sinus:

A

Fossa: a depressionSulcus: a groove (elongated depression)Foramen vs. canal: single hole vs. 2 connecting holesFissure: a cleftSinus: a hollow area (usually air-filled)

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18
Q

Parts of a boneDiaphysis:Epiphysis:Metaphysis:

A

Diaphysis: shaft (single; unpaired)Epiphysis: expanded end (paired)Metaphysis: transitional zone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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19
Q

What is the actual growth plate?

A

Metaphysis

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20
Q

Structure of boneCompact bone:Spongy bone:Marrow cavity:

A

Compact bone: dense shell around marrow cavitySpongy bone: at the ends; lots of holes; meshworkMarrow cavity: hollow center in the diaphysis

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21
Q

The marrow cavity is also referred to as…

A

the medullary cavity

22
Q

The compact bone is also referred to as…

A

cortical bone (cortex)

23
Q

The spongy bone is also referred to as…

A

trabecular bone (“beam”)

24
Q

What kind of tissue is bone?

A

connective tissue

25
Q

What does the matrix of a bone consist of?

A

-Extracellular fibers (most collagen with inorganic crystals)-Ground substance (the fluid - minimal)

26
Q

Most of the mass of bone is…

A

Inorganic; hydroxyapatite mineral

27
Q

Hydroxyapatite mineral structure:

A

Hard, inflexible, brittle; will break

28
Q

What hold the hydroxyapatite crystals in place?

A

Collagen fibers

29
Q

Combination of ______ and _______ makes bone strong and slightly flexible.

A

Organic content and inorganic content

30
Q

Osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cells that occupy lacunae

31
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Little spaces in the matrix that hold one osteocyte per lacuna

32
Q

Osteocytes are connected via what?

A

Canaliculi (tiny little channels)

33
Q

Functions of osteocytes:

A

-Maintain the matrix environment-Repair damaged bone

34
Q

Osteochondral progenitor cells:Located:

A

-Stem cells that will become osteoblasts-Located on the interior endosteum (lining the inside of the bone in the marrow cavity)-And periosteum (outside of marrow cavity)

35
Q

Osteoblasts:

A

-Produce new bone-Secrete the organic matrix (osteoid)-Promote deposition of hydroxyapatite

36
Q

Osteiod is…

A

Organic component of matrix before it becomes mineralized

37
Q

Osteoclasts:

A

-Large cells that break down/dissolve bone matrix-Multi-nucleated

38
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived from?

A

macrophages

39
Q

What is the very middle of bone? And what can you find?

A

Central canalBlood vessels

40
Q

What has layers and surrounds the central canal?

A

Osteon

41
Q

Where do you find circumferential lamellae?

A

The outer and inner surfaces (circumference) of the bone, where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum

42
Q

Structure of a periosteum:

A

Fibrous outer layerCellular inner layer

43
Q

Basic biomechanics Force:Load:Stress:Strain: Elasticity:Stiffness:

A

Force: mass x accelerationLoad: a force applied to an objectStress: force/areaStrain: deformation resulting from stressElasticity: ability to experience strain and return to original shapeStiffness: resistance to bending

44
Q

2 main types of bone and characteristics:

A

Compact (cortical) bone: dense; stress from limited directions; resists compression & tension; heavySpongy (trabecular) bone: resists stress from many directions; stress lines; light

45
Q

Functional unit of compact bone….

A

Osteon

46
Q

Perforating canals allow what?

A

Blood to come from outside and go from one central canal to another, all the way to the innermost portion of the bone (medullary cavity)

47
Q

Other names for…Central canal:Perforating canal:

A

Central canal: Haversian canalPerforating canal: Volkmann’s canal

48
Q

Where is spongy bone located?What happens at these locations?

A

-At the ends of long bones-Articulation with other bones

49
Q

Spongy bone helps to do what?

A

Receives stress and helps to distribute loads from the articular condyles to the cortical (inner) bone where it is the strongest

50
Q

Compact bones and spongy bones work together to…

A

Most efficiently handle the load placed on it

Bio 223 Midterm/Practical 1 (12 decks)

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