Lecture 1 Flashcards
Humans are members of the group called…
vertebrata
What does it mean to be in the group called Vertebrata?
“backboned” animals
Humans are classified as…
chordates
Embryo germ layers:
Ectoderm: outerMesoderm: middleEndoderm: inner
Anatomy:Types of anatomy:
-name and location of structure-Gross anatomy: macro (dissections)-Histology: micro (tissues)
Homeostatic regulatory mechanism:
-Receptor: sensor sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change-Control center: receives and processes info supplied by the receptor and sends out commands-Effector: cell or organ that responds to the commands or the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus
-Homeostasis: -Autoregulation: -Extrinsic regulation:
-Homeostasis: stable internal environment-Autoregulation: process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change-Extrinsic regulation: process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system
Equilibrium:Dynamic equilibrium:
-Opposing processes or forces are in balance-Physiological functions are continually adapting and adjusting to changing conditions
ProximalDistalMedialLateralCranial/Cephalic/SuperiorCaudal/InferiorSuperficialDeepAnterior/VentralPosterior/Dorsal
Proximal: toward point of attachmentDistal: away from point of attachmentMedial: toward the midlineLateral: away from midlineCranial/Cephalic/Superior: toward headCaudal/Inferior: toward tailSuperficial: close to surfaceDeep: away from surfaceAnterior/Ventral: frontPosterior/Dorsal: back
Frontal plane:Sagittal plane:Transverse plane:
Frontal plane: coronal; front half and back halfSagittal plane: left half and right half (median sagittal = actual middle. Parasagittal = off the mid-line)Transverse plane: cross-section; top half and bottom half
Difference between Epithelial pattern and Mesenchymal pattern:
Epithelial: more organizedMesenchymal: loose, unorganized
Notochord:
-Slender, fibrous, longitudinal rod-Embryologically derived from mesoderm (specific = chordamesoderm)-Dorsal to the coelom (body cavity)-Ventral to the CNS-Provides stiffness to the animal-Primitive function replaced by vertebral column
Pharyngeal slits:
-Walls of pharynx are pierced or almost pierced (pharyngeal pouches)-In fish, gills form next to pharyngeal “slits”-Probably functioned in feeding and/or respiration in early chordates
Endostyle:Thyroid gland:
-Endostyle: ciliated groove in the floor of the mouth; present in early chordates-Thyroid gland: present in more advanced chordates
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube:
-CNS in chordates develops embryologically from ectoderm (specific = neural ectoderm)-During neurulation, ectoderm rolls up, leaving a hollow core-Your spinal cord has a small canal down the center (neurocoel)
