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Bio 223 Midterm/Practical 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

There are ____ different cell types but __ tissue types.

A

200, 4

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2
Q

Types of tissue AND description of each:

A

-Epithelial: covers/lines exposed surfaces and forms glands-Connective: fills internal spaces, provides structural support, transports material, and stores energy-Muscle tissue: specialized for contraction (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle)-Neural tissue: carries information via electrical impulses

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3
Q

Epithelial “type” tissues are usually derived from what?Mesenchymal “type” tissues are usually derived from what?

A

Epithelial: ectoderm and endodermMesenchymal: mesoderm

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4
Q

Features/characteristics of epithelia:

A

Cellularity: cells stuck together tightlyPolarity: one side is different from the otherAttachment: basal lamina attaches them to connective tissueAvascularity: no blood vesselsRegeneration: cells can be replaced (either rapidly or constantly)

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5
Q

Functions of epithelia:

A

Protection: from abrasion, dehydration, destruction by chemical agentsControl permeability: keep fluids in or outSensation: sensitive to stimulation because richly innervated; neuroepithelium performs a particular sensory functionSecretion: from specialized gland cells; glandular epithelium produces secretions

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6
Q

What are cilia for?Microvilli?

A

Cilia: on surfaces where moving substances takes placeMicrovilli: on surfaces where absorption and secretion take place

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7
Q

Tight junctions:Gap junctions:

A

Tight junctions: prevent the passage of waterGap junctions: rapid/direct communication between cells (also in cardiac muscle cells)

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8
Q

In glandular epithelia, the secretions are packaged at the bottom and released at the top. What packages secretions?

A

Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Tight junctions come from structures known as __________

A

desmosomes

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10
Q

A desmosome is formed by…

A

two cells

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11
Q

Two types of desmosomes and functions:

A

-Spot desmosome: small discs that tie adjacent cells together-Hemidesmosome: half a spot desmosome; attach a cell to extracellular structures (like the protein fibers in the basement membrane)

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12
Q

The continual division of _______ cells is the only way the epithelium can maintain its structure over time.Where are these cells found?And what are they also known as?

A

Stem cellsLocated near the basement membrane (a relatively protected location)Also called germinative cells

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13
Q

Main shapes of epithelia:

A

SquamousCuboidalColumnar

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14
Q

Squamous cells’ shape is…

A

thin, flat, and close together

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15
Q

Two basic categories of epithelia:

A

SimpleStratified

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16
Q

Layers in…Simple epitheliumStratified epithelium

A

Simple: oneStratified: two or more

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17
Q

Simple squamous epithelium Functions and basic locations:

A

Functions: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, absorption and secretionLocations: alveoli of lungs, pericardial and peritoneal cavities, lining of heart and blood vessels, pleura

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18
Q

Stratified squamous epitheliumFunctions and basic locations:

A

Functions: protection against abrasion, pathogens, chemicalsLocations: surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, anus, rectum, and vagina

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19
Q

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs is called a…

A

mesothelium

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20
Q

Simple columnar epitheliumFunctions and basic locations:

A

Functions: protection, secretion, absorptionLocations: lining of intestine, stomach, gall bladder, uterine (Fallopian) tube

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21
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epitheliumFunctions and basic locations:

A

Functions: protection, secretion, move mucus with ciliaLocations: lining of trachea, nasal cavity

22
Q

How do we know pseudostratified epithelium is not really layered?

A

Each cell is attached to the basement membrane

23
Q

Transitional epitheliumFunctions and basic locations:

A

Functions: stretching and recoilingBasic locations: bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

24
Q

Two basic types of glandular epithelia and description:

A

Endocrine glands: release into intestinal fluidExocrine glands: release into ducts that open onto epithelial surface

25
Q

Modes of secretion and description:

A

-Merocrine: product is released by exocytosis (like sweat, mucus)-Apocrine: loss of the apical portion along with the product-Holocrine: destruction of the whole gland cell when product is released

26
Q

3 basic types of connective tissue:

A

Proper connective tissueFluid connective tissueSupporting connective tissue

27
Q

Connective tissue cells have what kind of tissue pattern? Meaning what?

A

Mesenchymal; more disorganized and more space in between each cell

28
Q

Proper connective tissue makeup:

A

Cells + extracellular fibers in a fluid medium called ground substance

29
Q

Divisions of proper connective tissue:

A

Loose and dense

30
Q

Types of cells that may exist in proper connective tissue AND description:

A

-Fibroblasts: secrete hyaluronan (makes the ground substance viscous - thicker)-Macrophages: clean up debris and other cells; release chemicals to stimulate immune system-Adipocytes: fat cells; single lipid gets bigger or smaller-Mast cells: house histamine (swelling) and heparin (anticoagulant - blood thinner) for inflammatory response-Lymphocytes: immune cells; specific against certain material

31
Q

What does hyaluronan do?

A

Makes ground substance thicker and helps “lock” epithelial cells together

32
Q

Why can connective tissue have blood vessels?

A

The cells are far apart

33
Q

Extracellular fibers in connective tissue:

A

Collagen fibersReticular fibersElastic fibers

34
Q

What are collagen fibers composed of and where are they found?

A

composed of the protein collagentendons and ligaments

35
Q

Reticular fibersstructure:location:

A

Structure: interwoven “network”Location: parenchyma of organs (such as the liver)

36
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of?

A

the protein elastin

37
Q

Types of loose connective tissues: Description:Location:

A

Areolar tissue: very elastic; between skin and deeper muscle tissueAdipose tissue: fat - stores energy and cushions; everywhere, but particularly surrounding organs and in jointsReticular tissue: support tissues in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes

38
Q

Dense regular connective tissue location and structure:

A

Found in tendons and ligamentsFibers are parallel with each others

39
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue location and structure:

A

Found in skin, perichondrium (surrounding cartilage), periosteum (surrounding bones)Reticular structure; no pattern but strong all around

40
Q

What is elastic tissue composed of and where is it located?

A

Mainly elastic fibersFound in elastic ligaments (help stabilize the positions of the vertebrae along spinous processes, not body of vertebrae)

41
Q

Types of cartilages, their locations, and functions.

A

Hyaline: covers the end of bones (articular) for smooth articulation, supports trachea and larynxElastic: gets deformed then goes back to normal shape; in ears, nose, epiglottisFibrocartilage: prevents bone-to-bone contact (cushioning); intervertebral discs and in knees

42
Q

Exception! Cartilage is usually mesenchymal, but the trachea and larynx cartilage comes from…

A

Ectoderm

43
Q

Bone is vascular or avascular?

A

vascular; blood vessels in the middle

44
Q

The periosteum of a bone is made of what kind of tissue?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

45
Q

Osteocytes communicate with blood vessels and with one another by….

A

canaliculi

46
Q

Differences between cartilage and bone-Fluid (ground substance)-Vascularity-Covering-Strength-Oxygen demands-Nutrient delivery-Repair

A

-Cartilage has fluid; bone has very little-Cartilage is avascular; bone is vascular-Perichondrium (2 layers); periosteum (2 layers)-Bends, hard to break; no distortion until break-Cartilage = low; bone = high-Diffusion through matrix; diffusion through cytoplasm & interstitial fluid in canaliculi-Cartilage = limited; Bone = easier

47
Q

Muscle types:

A

SkeletalSmoothCardiac

48
Q

Skeletal muscle components:

A

-Striated-Voluntary-long & thin multinucleated cells that make up muscle fibers-cells contain proteins actin and myosin

49
Q

Cardiac muscle components:

A

-Striated-Involuntary-cells are short and branched with single nucleus-connected by gap junctions created by intercalated discs

50
Q

Smooth muscle components:

A

-Not striated-Involuntary-cells are short and “football” shaped and have one nucleus-under autonomic nervous system control (not controlled)

51
Q

2 basic cells of neural tissue:

A

Neurons (focus our time on these)Glial cells (supporting cells)

Bio 223 Midterm/Practical 1 (12 decks)

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