Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCCU Neuro > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the direction of motor development skills?

A

proximal to distal and head to toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is essential to controlling hand and finger movements?

A

control and stability of joints closest to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when children are first learning how to grasp objects, what are the hands doing?

A

they use the whole hand and all fingers are doing the same thing at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can influence motor skill development?

A

social and cultural factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how can you provide culturally competent care and family centred care?

A

-don’t assume that families adhere to cultural norms
-ask parents:what do you consider important to your child/family?
-remember: each family has unique specific caregiving routines regardless of what ethnic group they belong to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are postural mechanisms basic components of fine motor skills?

A

a strong and stead trunk provides a base of support needed for activities requiring fine motor skills

its important to focus on the activity not staying upright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the perfect fit for trunk stability?

A

-feet firmly supported
-ankles, knees, hips at 90 degrees
-proper chair depth
-height of the table should be 2 inches above the height of the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some signs of trunk instability?

A

slouched posture
supporting body with arms
face close to work
falling out of chair
sitting on edge of chair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is one of the key features of children with cerebral palsy?

A

poor postural control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can be beneficial for task performance for children with disabilities?

A

alternative postures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what can we do if a Childs feet do not touch the ground?

A

use a stool, container, or block of wood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can we do if the chair is too deep/wide?

A

add cushion/foam to the back/side of the chair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can we do if the desk does not fit properly?

A

use desk without storage compartment
adjust the desk height
adjust the chair height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some trunk instability solutions?

A

attaching arm/foot rests
higher desk surface
desk cut out
slanted desk top
wedge cushion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do dexterous hand movements depend on?

A

the interaction of all UE joints such as scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, elbow and wrist joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is the shoulder joint relevant to fine motor skills such as writing?

A

muscles around the shoulder joint make it stable

to write we use slow, controlled shoulder movements

a loose shoulder joint makes fine motor activities difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some signs of shoulder instability?

A

-slight shoulder internal rotation, adduction, or flexion
-may hold arms close to body during fine motor activities
-shoulders may be elevated near ears
-forearm and wrist not supported when writing
-may hold fine motor tools too tightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is wrist extension relevant to fine motor tasks such as writing?

A

the best position for manipulating small objects is with the wrist in slight extension

wrist extension allows for thumb and finger opposition and arching of the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are some signs of wrist instability?

A

elbow positioned above wrist (not stabilizing forearm)

elbow joint is slightly flexed or pronated

excessive wrist flexion

excessive ulnar deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some activities to support shoulder and wrist development?

A

chair pushups
animal walks
jumping rope backwards
monkey bars
yoga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is hand strength important for?

A

endurance and to use the small muscles of the hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does fine motor skill efficiency significantly influence?

A

-quality of the task outcome
-speed of the task performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do the fixed and mobile parts of the hand adapt to everyday tasks?

A

by forming bony arches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do the bony arches of the hands allow for?

A

so the hand can conform to objects being held

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is largely responsible for changes in the shape of the arches?

A

intrinsic muscles of the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when do the arches of the hands become functional?

A

when the muscles of the hands develop which is around the age of 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the arches of the hands?

A

longitudinal
oblique
transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the function of the longitudinal arch?

A

grading finger movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the function of the oblique arch?

A

opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the function of the transverse arches?

A

proximal- stability
distal- mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are some things the arches of the hands allow us to do?

A

-cup the hand and form a concave surface to hold objects

-position the fingers to manipulate different sized and shaped objects

-change thumb orientation for grasping

-increase surface area of the hand in contact with the object to increase sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are some functional signs of difficulty with arches?

A

-difficulties with distal finger skills (opposition and tip to tip finger touching)

-difficulties cupping hands (cupping snacks, glass, etc)

-loss of or underdeveloped hand arches make it difficult for hand use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are some examples for activities to promote hand use?

A

-play doh balls
-animal walks
-shaking dice
-playing card games

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when does motoric separation of the two sides of the hand occur?

A

it begins when the child begins to crawl and and weight bear on the ulnar side while carrying toys with the radial digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when does finger separation occur?

A

around 40 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is called the skilled side of the hand?

A

the radial side (thumb, index, and middle fingers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the radial side of the hand do?

A

performs precision and manipulation skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is called the power side of the hand?

A

the ulnar side (ring and pinky fingers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does the ulnar side of the hand provide?

A

stability and power grip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does separation of the two sides of the hand allow us to do?

A

-crawl and carry
-develop fine motor control and skilled, fast, small movements
-separation of the motor functions of the two sides of the hand are necessary for non fatiguing legible handwriting, cutting, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the functional signs of difficulties with separation of the two sides of the hand?

A

-difficulties isolating power and skilled side
-unable to hold multiple objects
-whole hand functions as unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are some examples of activities to promote separation of the two sides of the hand?

A

-clothespin activity
-tweezers/tongs
-progressed scissor use
-taking a cap off with one hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is finger isolation of individualization?

A

moving each finger or thumb independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is finger opposition?

A

touching the thumb to the tip of each finger, requiring thumb rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is a pincer grasp?

A

opposition of the thumb and first finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the web space?

A

the opening formed with the thumb touching the first finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what does the ability to perform opposition and maintain an open web space depend on?

A

-development of the hand arches
-development of the muscles inside the hand
-separation and function of the two sides of the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

when does a developing child begin to isolate their index finger/

A

12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when do complex finger movements begin?

A

over the age of 3 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does finger isolation, opposition, and an open web space allow us to do?

A

skilled fine motor manipulation
finger feed
grasp and use tools
manipulate clothing fasteners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are functional signs of difficulties with finger isolation, opposition, and open web space?

A

-lack of circular space between thumb and index
-difficulties with pincher grasp
-“raking” to retrieve items
-“thumb wrapped” position for pencil grip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what are some examples of activities to promote finger isolation, opposition, and an open web space?

A

-finger puppets
-clothespins
-musical instruments
-“where is thumb kin?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is “reach”?

A

extending the hand away from the body to grasp and object or to place an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the exploratory reach age?

A

1-3 months

55
Q

what is a newborns reach like?

A

asymmetric, seemingly random arm movements

56
Q

what does a baby who’s a few days old reach look like?

A

visual regard of objects and responsive arm movement (vision is important in the development of proprioception of the hand prior to reach)

57
Q

what does reach look like in the first few months for a baby?

A

arm abducted, swipes or bats at objects- hands are first kept close to the body at midline, then away so as to see hands

58
Q

what age is perceptual learning /transition stage for reach?

A

3-6 months

59
Q

what does a 5 month old reach look like?

A

symmetrical, bilateral reaching (supine then sitting)

60
Q

when does unilateral reaching begin to occur?

A

6 months

61
Q

in regards to reach, what occurs as trunk stability and scapular control increases?

A

shoulder flexion, slight ext, rotation, full elbow extension, forearm supination, and wrist extension occurs

62
Q

what is necessary for reach?

A

dynamic trunk control

63
Q

what is “Carry”?

A

transportation of a hand help object from one location to another; moving and lifting

64
Q

what happens at the shoulder joint while carrying?

A

shoulder rotation, flexion, and abduction are used

65
Q

what are functional signs of difficulty with reaching and/or carrying?

A

abduction and internal rotation is used to initiate reach

shoulder elevation and lateral trunk flexion used as compensatory movement

difficulty staying upright when reaching or carrying

66
Q

what are some examples of activities to improve reach and carrying?

A

optimize visual regard of the object

activities to encourage reach to an item, progression of difficulty of object placement

optimize position initially and change position

67
Q

what is grasp dependent on?

A

coordination of forearm, wrist and hand

68
Q

what does grasp enable?

A

combined with other movements it enables the child to perform functional skills (e.g spoon use, building blocks, crayon use)

69
Q

what are the grasp pattern sequences?

A

-ulnar before radial
-palmar before finger grasp
-extrinsic muscle activation before intrinsic

70
Q

when does grasp development begin?

A

in utero and matures with growth, weight bearing, and experience

71
Q

initially, is grasp reflexive or voluntary?

A

reflexive (hands alternately open and close in response to stimuli)

72
Q

when does the grasp reflex decrease?

A

around 4-6 months and then voluntary ulnar palmar grasp emerges

73
Q

when do infants develop purposeful grasp?

A

around 4-6 months

74
Q

what are signs of difficulties with grasp?

A

-holds item in palm rather than fingertips
-uses whole hand as a unit rather than fingers
-finger flexion or fisting
-difficulty with play

75
Q

what are some examples of activities to promote grasp?

A

pincer grasp- cheerios, clay
radial digital grasp- peg board, large puzzle pieces

vertical surface activities
manipulative play

76
Q

what are 2 general principles of grasp?

A

larger objects are easier than smaller ones
grasp is easiest with arm and hand supported

77
Q

what is in hand manipulation?

A

complex process of holding, adjusting, and moving a grasped object within one hand

78
Q

when does in hand manipulation begin?

A

begins around 18 months and continues through to 7 years

79
Q

what does in hand manipulation allow us to do?

A

-adjust an object for more efficient placement in hand
-place an object on a surface
-release an object with precision

80
Q

what do all in hand manipulation require?

A

the ability to control the arches of the palm

81
Q

what does precision manipulation require?

A

coordination of the fingers and thumb (so full ROM of the CMC joint of the thumb)

82
Q

what are the skilled triad muscles of the thumb?

A

flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevis
opponens pollici (and opponent digiti minimi)

83
Q

what are the 3 major categories of in hand manipulation?

A

translation
rotation (simple, complex)
shift (with/without stabilization

84
Q

what is translation for in hand manipulation?

A

moving a small object with thumb and index (& middle) finger

85
Q

does finger to palm translation use intrinsic or extrinsic hand muscles?

A

extrinsic

86
Q

what are some tasks that utilize finger to palm translation?

A

-crumpling paper
-picking up and bringing a cheereio to palm
-getting a coin out of change purse
-threading a needle

87
Q

does palm to finger translation use intrinsic or extrinsic hand muscles?

A

intrinsics (requires isolated thumb control)

88
Q

what are some tasks that utilize finger to palm translation?

A

moving a peg from palm to fingertips
moving a cheerio to put in mouth
buttoning

89
Q

what is simple rotation in hand manipulation?

A

turning a small object around the pads of the fingers d thumb (90 degrees or less)

90
Q

is strength demand high or low for rotation in hand manipulation?

A

usually low

91
Q

when does simple rotation occur?

A

after finger to palm translation

92
Q

what are examples of simple rotation in hand manipulation tasks?

A

unscrewing a bottle cap

picking up small pegs from surface and putting into a peg board

rolling clay between thumb and index

93
Q

what is complex rotation in hand manipulation?

A

turning an object end over end round its axis, usually 180 to 360 degrees using finger an thumb movements

94
Q

what are examples of complex rotation in hand manipulation?

A

turning paper clip so opposite end can be placed on paper

turning an egg timer over

turning over pegs placed upside down

turning pencil over to use eraser

95
Q

what is shift in hand manipulation?

A

moving an object by the finger pads in a linear manner

96
Q

what are examples of shift in hand manipulation?

A

-moving a coin from finger pads to fingertips for placement

-moving paper in non-preferred hand on paper when cutting with scissors

-moving fingers down a pencil to position for writing

-turning the pages of a book

97
Q

what is one of the last in hand manipulation skills to develop?

A

shift

98
Q

what is in hand manipulation with stabilization?

A

with stabilization is added if the hand is holding one or more objects with the last two fingers

99
Q

what is an example of translation with stabilization?

A

holding money to put in a pop machine

getting two or more coins out of a purse

100
Q

what is an example of rotation with stabilization?

A

holding a key ring with keys and rotating the correct one to put in the lock

101
Q

what is an example of shift with stabilization?

A

holding a pen and pushing the cap off with the same hand

102
Q

what are some signs of difficulties with in hand manipulation?

A

awkward with small toys
uses forearm rotation
uses opposite hand or body to stabilize or move a toy

103
Q

what are signs of difficulties with object release?

A

fisting- increased muscle tone
difficulty combining wrist extension with finger extension
overextension of fingers

104
Q

what are some activities to promote finger extension?

A

dependent on the issue
transferring objects from hand to hand
very object size
splinting

105
Q

what are signs of difficulty for bilateral hand use?

A

cognitive delays- cannot attend to two objects

difficulty sustaining both hands at midline

difficulty with supination during bilateral activities

106
Q

when is hand dominance fully established?

A

between 3 and 9 years old

107
Q

what is the pivot point for steady forearm movement for right handed people?

A

elbow

108
Q

what is a challenge with left handed children in terms of writing?

A

they may develop awkward grip patterns: hook or ulnar/pinky grip which has less stability and control

109
Q

which direction do left and right handers move the pencil?

A

right- away from the center of the body

left-toward the center of the body

110
Q

what is visual perception?

A

the ability to organize and interpret what is seen

111
Q

what is the visual receptive component of visual perception?

A

the process of extracting nd organizing information from the environment

112
Q

what is the visual cognitive component of visual perception?

A

the capacity to organize, structure, and interpret visual stimuli, giving what is seen meaning

113
Q

what is visual motor integration?

A

coordinate visual information with a motor response to produce written output

114
Q

what is one of the most common reasons for referring students to OT?

A

hand writing

115
Q

what may poor handwriting be indicative of?

A

motor coordination problems
ADHD
DCD
motor delays

116
Q

what may be the strongest predictor of handwriting legibility?

A

visual motor integration

117
Q

what is the OTs role in the team approach for handwriting?

A

mechanics- positioning, pencil grip, letter memory and formation, sizing and spacing

118
Q

what is the most efficient pencil grip?

A

the tripod grip

119
Q

what are some outcomes of a poor pencil grip?

A

-put joints at risk for damage in the long term

impede the development of legible and efficient handwriting

120
Q

what should be the primary writing tool?

A

pencil

121
Q

what is the best writing tool for pre schoolers?

A

crayons

122
Q

what are golf pencils good for?

A

facilitating control

123
Q

what are triangular pencils good for?

A

promoting proper grasp

124
Q

what are some cons of fat pencils?

A

if the pencil is too wide it will encourage an improper grip, children tend to hold these in a fisted grip

125
Q

what is a pro of using markers?

A

easy to get results (ie. dragging)

126
Q

what is a con of using markers?

A

may impede hand strength and coordination development

127
Q

what may heavy pressure of a pencil on paper be due to?

A

too tight of a grip

128
Q

what are some ways we can reduce pencil pressure?

A

corrugated cardboard
tinfoil on cardboard
number 3 mechanical pencil

129
Q

what are some ways we can increase pencil pressure?

A

use carbon or tracing paper
softer lead pencils B

130
Q

what are some tips for writing?

A

write on vertical surface
be ergonomically correct
trace letters with index finger
draw letters in the air
draw letters in rice or sand
crumple a wad of paper

131
Q

what are pros of keyboarding?

A

keyboarding may be a primary means of written communication expression for those who have writing difficulties

it is becoming a life skill

132
Q

what are some advantages of keyboarding?

A

less distal finger control
improved legibility
improved accuracy
improved efficiency

133
Q

what are some disadvantages of keyboarding?

A

more difficult in certain environments

computers not always available in classrooms

child may not be familiar with keyboard

OCCU Neuro (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions