Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what dies the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

blood vascular and lymphatic (vascular) systems

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2
Q

what is the blood vascular system?

A

a continuous loop, closed supply and drainage system

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3
Q

what is the lymphatic (vascular) system?

A

a one way system, open entry drainage system

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4
Q

what does the supply path consist if

A

only arteries

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5
Q

where are arteries situated and why

A

best to avoid damage as they are high pressure so damage could be life threatening

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6
Q

where do arteries change name

A

at each major brarnch

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7
Q

why do some structures often have two sources of supply

A

because if one gets damaged the other will still be able to supply

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8
Q

what is the exchange network?

A

capillaries of varying degrees of permeability

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9
Q

what is the drainage pathway and how many pathways does this consist of?

A

3 pathways for drainage

  • deep veins
  • superficial veins
  • lymphatics
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10
Q

what is the pressure of veins like

A

much less pressure than arteries, same volume

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11
Q

where does the base of the heart sit

A

between ribs 2 and 3

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12
Q

where does the apex of the heart sit

A

in line with the midclavicular line and in between ribs 5 and 6

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13
Q

the right atrium receives ……

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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14
Q

the left atrium receives ……

A

four pulmonary veins

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15
Q

where does the superior vena cava receive blood from

A

the head, neck, arms and chest

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16
Q

where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from

A

legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis

17
Q

what is the inner most layer of the heart wall?

A

endocardium = very thin layer

18
Q

what does the endocardium layer contain?

A
  • squamous epithelium (endothelium) = separates the wall from the blood
  • loose irregular fibrous connective tissue = support the thin cells
  • small blood vessels
  • purkinje fibres
19
Q

what is the biggest layer of the heart wall?

A

the myocardium

20
Q

which ventricle has the thicker myocardium and why?

A

the left side because it pumps blood to the rest of the body

21
Q

what is the outermost layer of the heart wall?

A

the epicardium = relatively thin but thicker in some places

22
Q

what is the function of the pericardium?

A

allows the heart to beat in a lubricated sack

23
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

valves that control the flow from the ventricular chambers to the outflow artery, preventing blood from returning to the ventricles during filling (diastole)

24
Q

when are the semilunar valves opened/closed?

A

pushed open as blood floes out of the heart and closed as blood starts to back flow (high pressure causes them to open)

25
what is the right side semilunar valve called? how many cusps?
pulmonary semilunar valve, 3 cusps
26
what is the left side semilunar valve called? how many cusps?
aortic semilunar valve, 3 cusps
27
what are the atrioventricular valves (AV) ?
valves that prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction (systole)
28
what is the right side AV valve called and how many leaflets?
tricuspid valve, 3 leaflets
29
what is the left side AV valve called and how many leaflets?
bicuspid (mitral) valve, 2 leaflets
30
what are the papillary muscles?
they are attached to the chordae tendineae and help to slow the closure of the AV valve
31
what are the chordae tendinae?
fine and strong tendinous strands attached to papillary muscles
32
what is the outer layer of the pericardium?
the parietal pericardium
33
what is the inner layer of the pericardium?
the visceral pericardium
34
what is the trabeculae carnae
rounded strands or muscular columns in the ventricles of the heart
35
what is the inter ventricular septum
it separates the ventricles and allows for proper blood flow through the heart