Lecture 4

Question 1

What are Blood Vessels for?

Answer 1

Delivery of Nutrients, Removal of Wastes

Question 2

How do Blood Vessels deliver nutrients to tissues?

Answer 2

Microvascular exchange, a consequence of vessel permeability

Question 3

Capillary Beds constitute highest?

Answer 3

Surface Area

Question 4

Blood Velocity is lowest in?

Answer 4

Capillaries

Question 5

Capillaries are known as?

Answer 5

Exchange Vessels

Question 6

Most Blood Volume is in?

Answer 6

Veins

Question 7

Veins are known as?

Answer 7

Capacitance Vessels

Question 8

Arterioles are known as?

Answer 8

Resistance Vessels

Question 9

What do Arterioles do?

Answer 9

-Regulate systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
-Control SVR and Blood Flow to tissues

Question 10

Arterioles are mostly made of?

Answer 10

Smooth Muscle

Question 11

Smooth muscle cells regulate Arteriole vessel?

Answer 11

Diameter, to keep vascular tone

Question 12

Electromechanical Coupling is?

Answer 12

Neuron Response from Brain

Question 13

Pharmacomechanical Coupling is?

Answer 13

From Drugs

Question 14

Sympathetic NS?

Answer 14

-NE (Nerepinephrine) is neurotransmitter
-GPCR + IP3, release from SR
-Very common in system
-Vascular Smooth Muscle

Question 15

Parasympathetic NS?

Answer 15

-Acetylcholine
-Bind to Muscarinic receptor (GPCR)
-cGMP dilates smooth muscle

Question 16

Add NE, Endothelial Regulation of Arteriolar Tone?

Answer 16

Increased so Vessel Constricted

Question 17

Add Acetylcholine, Endothelial Regulation of Arteriolar Tone?

Answer 17

It dilated

Question 18

Cannot dilate if?

Answer 18

There is no Endothelial Cells

Question 19

Autoregulation of Blood Flow (Myogenic Response)?

Answer 19

Vascular smooth muscle contracts in response to an increase in pressure, to prevent too much blood from rushing in (mostly in Arterioles)

Question 20

Myogenic Response is due to?

Answer 20

Smooth Muscle Cells

Question 21

Active Hyperemia?

Answer 21

Increased metabolic activity leading to vasodilation and increase blood flow (hyperemia) (ex. working out)

Question 22

Reactive Hyperemia?

Answer 22

Ischemia also creates a buildup of metabolic waste products that induce reactive hyperemia once blood flow is reestablish (ex. tree falls on arm)

Question 23

Ischemia?

Answer 23

An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of body

Question 24

Active Hyperemia with eating?

Answer 24

Resistance decreases so we can increase blood flow to the stomach to digest the food

Question 25

Ischemia is a decrease in oxygen so you will have an?

Answer 25

Increase in Lactate, PC, and Adenosine and byproduct of using ATP and leads to Vasodilators

Question 26

Autoregulation Metabolic Hypothesis?

Answer 26

Vasodilation Only (explains changes when blood flow is interrupted)

Question 27

Flow-Induced Vasodilation?

Answer 27

Increase flow without changing Pressure (maintaining pressure)

Question 28

Endothelial Regulation of Blood Flow?

Answer 28

Endothelium is a mechanosensor and stimulates vasodilation in response to an increase in flow by producing NO

Question 29

Response to Pressure is Intrinsic to?

Answer 29

Vascular Smooth Muscle (Myogenic Response)

Question 30

Response to flow is sensed by?

Answer 30

Endothelium

Question 31

Blood Capillaries?

Answer 31

-Main Site for Exchange -Single layer of endothelial cell -Huge Surface Area -Low flow velocity -Cannot dilate -Can't control blood pressure

Question 32

Are Blood Capillaries permeable?

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

Continuous Capillary?

Answer 33

-Similar to BBB (very strict) -Cell-Cell Junctions -Fluid and Proteins

Question 34

Types of Capillaries?

Answer 34

-Continuous -Fenestrated -Sinusoidal

Question 35

Fenestrated Capillary?

Answer 35

-Most common -Very leaky -Has holes -Fenestrae -Only fluid

Question 36

Sinusoidal Capillary?

Answer 36

-No basement membrane -Lot of big holes and gaps -Caveolae -Mostly in Spleen and Liver -Capillaries are very open

Question 37

4 R's of Inflammation?

Answer 37

-Tumor= Swelling (increases permeability to leukocytes) -Rubor= Redness (increases vasodilation and blood flow) -Calor= Heat (increases vasodilation and blood flow) -Dolor= Pain (swelling and histamines)

Question 38

How Does Stuff Get Out of Capillaries?

Answer 38

-Convection -Diffusion

Question 39

Convection of Capillaries?

Answer 39

Like filtration (solutes follow water) based on high hydrostatic pressure in capillaries forces water across endothelium

Question 40

2) Diffusion of Capillaries?

Answer 40

Like Osmosis (water follows solutes) solutes move across semi-permeable endothelium according to concentration gradient

Question 41

Lymphatic System dumps into?

Answer 41

Left Subclavian Vein

Question 42

Lymphatics do what with fluid?

Answer 42

Remove fluid

Question 43

Removal of Excess Fluid from Tissues starts at?

Answer 43

Blind-ended sacs and pushes to lymph node

Question 44

Lymphatic Vessels prevent?

Answer 44

Edema

Question 45

Edema?

Answer 45

Build up of fluid in tissues

Question 46

Largest lymphatic in the body?

Answer 46

Thoracic duct, empties all lymph into left subclavian vein