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Block 1: Physiology > Lecture 2 (Revised) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 (Revised) Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Vessel Wall comprises 3 main layers?

A

-Tunica intima
-Tunica media
-Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

Large Arteries contain?

A

A thick media layer and higher amount of elastin

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3
Q

Amount of elastin in small arteries?

A

Decreases, because they have more smooth muscle

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4
Q

Veins contain ___ elastin tissue?

A

Less

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5
Q

Pulse Blood Pressure?

A

Systole - Diastole

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6
Q

How to measure Blood Pressure?

A

-Constrict laminar flow so it becomes turbulent and makes a sound
-Must be greater than Diastolic and less than Systolic

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7
Q

Resistance is determined by?

A

Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius

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8
Q

A vessel having twice the length of another vessel will have?

A

Twice the resistance to flow

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9
Q

If viscosity of blood increase 2-fold, the resistance to flow will?

A

Increase 2-fold

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10
Q

An increase in radius?

A

Reduces resistance

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11
Q

Arteries to Arterioles have?

A

Increased cross-sectional area (dramatically decreasing resistance and blood pressure)

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12
Q

Vascular Tone?

A

(how much constriction is it going through)
-Degree of Constriction
-Determined by balance of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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13
Q

Extrinsic Factors of Vascular Tone?

A

Neural or Hormonal (Affecting Blood Flow)

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14
Q

Intrinsic Factors of Vascular Tone?

A

Increased oxygen demand/myogenic response (Different factors within tissues or vessels)

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15
Q

Stenosis?

A

(Usually occurs in large arteries)
-Abnormal narrowing of an artery, partially obstructs blood flow
-Increases vascular resistance

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16
Q

Stenosis increases?

A

Vascular Resistance

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17
Q

Vessel Compliance?

A

Ability of a vessel to distend and increase volume (expand and contract passively)

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18
Q

Compliance of Arteries is?

A

Much lower than veins due to containing higher elastin and vascular smooth muscle cells

19
Q

Elastin tissue enables a blood vessel to?

A

Expand and contract passively with changes in pressure

20
Q

Elastic Arteries act as a?

A

Pressure Reservoir, allowing continuous blood flow, reduce workload, and reduce blood pressure fluctuation

21
Q

Arterial Compliance as we age?

A

Decreases, because arteries start to stiffen (more collagen, less elastin)

22
Q

Decreasing compliance means?

A

-Increase Systolic Blood Pressure (due to stiffening)
-Diastolic will remain the same
-Pulse Pressure will increase

23
Q

Physiological Properties of Veins?

A

-High compliance
-Low resistance (decreased pressure to get blood back to Heart)
-Blood Reservoir System
-Venous valves provide one-way flow towards right heart

24
Q

Biggest Determinants of Venous Return to Heart?

A

Pressure Gradient and Skeletal Muscle Pump with Venous Valves

25
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)?

A

Volume of blood pumped out from LV per beat

26
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)?

A

Volume of blood being pumped out by the Heart, by LV or RV per unit time, equals to SV x HR

27
Q

(Effects of Stroke Volume on Arterial BP) Increasing SV will?

A

-Increases flow
-Increases systolic BP
-Increases PP
-Eventually Increasing diastolic BP

28
Q

(Effects of Stroke Volume on Arterial BP) Decreasing SV will?

A

-Decreases flow
-Decreases systolic BP
-Decreases PP
-Eventually Decreasing diastolic BP

29
Q

(Effects of Heart Rate on Arterial BP) Increasing HR will?

A

-Increase systolic BP
-Increase diastolic BP
-Mean pressure will increase because diastolic increases
(No Change in PP)

30
Q

(Effects of Heart Rate on Arterial BP) Decreasing HR will?

A

-Decrease systolic BP
-Decrease diastolic BP
(No Change in PP)

31
Q

(Effects of Peripheral Resistance on Arterial BP) Increasing Total Peripheral Resistance?

A

-Increase systolic BP
-Increase diastolic BP
(No Change in PP)

32
Q

(Effects of Peripheral Resistance on Arterial BP) Decreasing Total Peripheral Resistance?

A

-Decrease systolic BP
-Decrease diastolic BP
(No Change in PP)

33
Q

Aorta and Large Arteries have lowest cross-sectional area?

A

(Lowest radius, Highest resistance)
-Highest BP

34
Q

Arterial Compliance?

A

Ability to expand and compress

35
Q

Windkessel Effect?

A

(Works as a pump due to compliance with elasticity)
-Aorta and large arteries distend when BP rises during systole
-Aorta and large arteries recoil when BP falls during diastole

36
Q

Blood Reservoir helps when?

A

Working out because we need blood for our muscles

37
Q

1) Pressure Gradient?

A

Going from a high pressure area to a low pressure area (divides the blood back to the Heart)

38
Q

2) Skeletal Muscle Pump?

A

-When relaxed blood goes through
-When contracted (blood at top goes to the Heart and prevents blood from coming back)

39
Q

When Skeletal Muscle closes due to contraction it prevents?

A

Backflow

40
Q

5 Ways of Venous Return to Heart?

A

1) Pressure Gradient
2) Skeletal Muscle pump with venous valves
3) Respiratory Pump
4) Regulated Sympathetic Vasoconstriction
5) Cardiac Suction Effect

41
Q

3) Respiratory Pump Inhalation?

A

-Increase blood flow into thoracic cavity to Heart
-Blood filling occurs
-Decrease pressure in thoracic area
-(Diaphragm contracts) Increase pressure in abdominal area

42
Q

3) Respiratory Pump Exhalation?

A

(Helps with Heavy Exercises)
-Decrease blood flow into thoracic cavity to Heart
-Increase pressure in thoracic area
-(Diaphragm relaxes)
Decrease pressure in abdominal area

43
Q

4) Regulated Sympathetic Vasoconstriction?

A

(fight or flight)
-Increase sympathetic (vasoconstriction)
-Increase venous pressure
-Increase venous return
-Increase EDV (blood to be pumped out)

44
Q

5) Cardiac Suction Effect?

A

Block 1: Physiology (10 decks)

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