Lecture 4

Question 1

Modernization

Answer 1

Shift from emphasis on traditional authority to rational-secular authority.

Question 2

Post Modernization

Answer 2

Shift from emphasis on survival to well being

Question 3

Inglehart on culture change

Answer 3

“Economic, cultural and political change go together in coherent patterns that are changing the world in predictable ways.”

Question 4

Factors that enhance transition to modernization

Answer 4

• Industrialization
• Economic growth
• Mass education and literacy
• Mass media
• Division of church and state

Question 5

Factors that enhance transition to postmodernization

Answer 5

• Knowledge-based economy
• Flexible employment
• Increasing equality of the genders
• Growth of non-traditional households

Question 6

Give 2 examples of political decisions that cause cultural change

Answer 6

1. Reunification of Germany
2. One-child Policy

Question 7

Beugelsdijk and Welzel (2018) distinguish 3 dimensions on culture change

Answer 7

1. Colletivism-Individualism
2. Duty-Joy
3. Distrust-Trust

Question 8

Collectivism vs. Individualism

Answer 8

(C) Importance religion, Obedience, Tradition, Respect
(I) Importance responsibility and success, Not Religious, Equality men and woman

Question 9

Duty vs. Joy

Answer 9

(D) Importance hard work, Expertise, People are in need because they are lazy
(J) Importance democracy, New ideas and creativity, Imagination

Question 10

Distrust vs. Trust

Answer 10

(D) Politically conservative, Politics not important, Democracy is indecisive
(T) Work as duty towards society, Democracy good at maintaining order, Must behave responsibly

Question 11

Implication of cultural change

Answer 11

Cultural change is substantial
(More individualistic, more joyous. Less trust and more distrust.)

Question 12

Cultural differences can be explained by three factors:

Answer 12

1. Economic development
2. Generational effects
3. Political history (e.g. One-child policy)

Question 13

4 principles on which “Modern” management is based

Answer 13

1. Efficiency
2. Objectivity
3. Prescription
4. Supervision

Question 14

3 values and principles waar “Postmodern” management naar verschuift

Answer 14

1. Creativity
2. Emotional Connection
3. Interpenetration of work and life

Question 15

“Emic” studies of culture

Answer 15

Cultures are systems of meaning and can only be understood from within (interpretative cycle)

Question 16

Emic studies: Hermeneutics

Answer 16

“get into the heads” of other people to make assumptions

Question 17

Clifford Geertz: Culture as a system of signs

Answer 17

Only if we understand the underlying meaning of behaviors, we can know why people in a different culture behave in a particular way

Question 18

Goals of Emic approach

Answer 18

• Gain insider’s perspective
• Study culture-specific phenomena
• Constructs emerge from insider’s self-understandings
• Immersion, open observation, qualitative

Question 19

Emic research: Philipe d’Iribarne

Answer 19

The meaning of an element (e.g. hierarchical distance) depends on the local context which should be reconstructed by emic approaches. Niet gemakkelijk te generalizeren.

Question 20

2 Strengths of Emic studies

Answer 20

• Help uncover what is specific to a culture– and specific to a situation
• Goes beyond the culture dimensions, and therefore also gives a more meaningful interpretations

Question 21

Weaknesses of Emic studies

Answer 21

• A certain degree of subjectivism is unavoidable
• Identity of the researcher: Nationality or language bias
• Selection of key informants
• Acces to business firms
• Disclosure: publishing the results