Lecture 3 Flashcards
Stereotypes are not necessarily incorrect. Example ->
Stereotypes regarding gender differences in abilities and behavioral tendencies often have considerable descriptive accuracy.
2 primary dimensions of stereotypes
- Warmth (sympathy)
- Competence
Etic (“outsider”) statements
Refer to distinctions judged appropriate by the community of scientific observers
Emic (“insider”) statements
Refer to distinctions that are significant, meaningful, accurate or in some other fashion regarded as appropriate by the actors themselves
What can be said about cultural differences between countries?
Differences found between countries may be small, but still meaningful. e.g. small change in average temperature can lead to extreme hot weather instead of just the right temperature.
Characteristics of the etic approach
- BETTER KNOWN among management scholars/students
- COMPARE AND GENERALIZE across the boundaries of individual countries
- Large and representative SAMPLE TO COMPARE
- Issue of TRANSLATION, local context
Choice patterns in the Etic approach
- Individualistic (maximize)
- Competitive (maximize difference)
- Equality (minimize difference)
Geert hofstede Etic approach: 6 dimensions
- Individualism vs. Collectivism
- Power Distance
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Masculinity vs. Femininity
- Long-term vs. Short-term orientation
- Indulgence vs. Restraint
3 strengths of Hofstede’s Approach
- OPENED DOOR to other studies focusing on work-related aspects of culture
- The original four dimensions are INTUITIVE AND EASY TO GRASP
- The dimensions are RELEVANT for management and organization and LINKED TO IMPORTANT managerial phenomena
3 weaknesses of Hofstede’s Approach
- Low face validity of the Hofstede’s items
- Static
- Old data
2 dimensions of Roland Inglehart (World Value Survey)
- Traditional vs. Rational-secular authority
- Survival vs. Self-expression
2 kenmerken traditionele aanpak WVS
- Societies that prefer to maintain traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion
- Attach much importance to religion and obedience in children
3 kenmerken Secular-rational aanpak WVS
- Societies that take a more pragmatic approach
- Efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future
- Attach a less importance to religion and obedience in children
Traditionalism emphasizes (Secular-rational is the opposite)
- God is very important
- It is more important for a child to learn obedience and religious faith
- Abortion is never justifiable
- Strong sense of national pride
- Favors more respect for authority
3 kenmerken Survival dimension WVS
- Emphasis on economic and physical security
- Relatively ethnocentric outlook
- Low levels of trust and tolerance
3 kenmerken Self-expression dimension WVS
- High priority to environmental protection
- Growing tolerance of foreigners, gays and lesbians and gender equality
- Rising demands for participation in decision-making in economic and political life
Survival value emphasize (Self-expression the opposite)
- Priority to economic and physical security over self expression and quality of life
- Not very happy
- Homosexuality is never justifiable
- Not sign a petition
- Be careful with trusting people
2 Strengths Inglehart’s Theory
- Representative samples make it easier to generalize to the general population of a country
- Allows to measure cultural change over long periods of time
Weakness Inglehart’s Theory
Items and dimensions have limited managerial relevance
Implications for management (Power Distance)
- Importance and degree of CENTRALIZATION OF POWER
- Income INEQUALITY along the hierarchy
- STATUS symbols and privileges
Implications for management (Uncertainty Avoidance)
- RULES AND PROCEDURES in organization
- Formal organizational STRUCTURE
- Managers are expected to be SPECIALISTS than generalists
- LESS INCLINED to job changes
Implications for management (Individualism-Collectivism)
- Relationship between employees and organization
- Sources of employee motivations
e.g. (I) Contractual relationship – (C) Moral nature
Implications for management (Masculinity - Femininity)
- Work centrality
e.g. (M) Live to work, high income – (F) Work to live, less work
