Lecture 2

Question 1

Definition of culture

Answer 1

Difficult to define, but the elements culture includes:
- Ideas and values
- Patterns of behavior
- Artifacts
- Symbols

Question 2

Internalized culture

Answer 2

The values and beliefs in your head which reinforce each other and form your internalized culture.

Question 3

Concept of culture (3 layers)

Answer 3

Personality –> Inherited and learned
Culture –> Learned
Human nature –> Inherited

Question 4

Values

Answer 4

The principles that help you to decide what is right and wrong, and how to act in various situations. Desirability, standards & important guiding principles.

Question 5

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs (Top-Down)

Answer 5

Self-actualization
Esteem
Love/ belonging
Safety
Physiological

Question 6

Beliefs

Answer 6

Propositions /ideas about object or concepts or relationship between objects (e.g. succes is due to luck)

Question 7

Dual processing theory

Answer 7

Processing information in your implicit (onbewustzijn) and explicit system (bewustzijn).

Question 8

How is culture formed?

Answer 8

In interactions with the social environment.

Question 9

2 origins of culture

Answer 9

1. Adaptation
2. Differentation

Question 10

3 forms of child training practices in the origin of adaptation.

Answer 10

1. Obedience (to what extent are children expected to obey their parents and other adults)
2. Responsibility (emphasis on effortful behavior to the benefit of the family or community)
3. Achievement (emphasis on high standard of performance)

Depending on the ecological conditions one of these three will be more emphasized.

Question 11

Adaptation perspective of culture

Answer 11

Culture are responses to environmental conditions and give “survival value” to a group of people. Relate human communities to their ecological settings.

Question 12

Hofstede’s view on culture (1980)

Answer 12

Outside influences affect the origin of people which influences the societal norms and this has consequences for structuring and functioning of institutions.

Question 13

Differentiation perspective of culture

Answer 13

Human groups increase differences with other groups to mark in group, out group distinctions

Question 14

Differentiation: homophily

Answer 14

Tendency of people with similar trait to interact with each other more than with people with dissimilar traits.

Question 15

Social identity dynamics

Answer 15

• Social categorization
• Social identification
• Social comparison.

It often leads to intergroup competition. Tajfel’s experiment

Question 16

3 types of homophily

Answer 16

1. Value homophily
2. Status homophily
3. Induced homophily