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HUBS191 - RUBY > lecture 3 - skeleton structure > Flashcards

lecture 3 - skeleton structure Flashcards

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1
Q

How do bones aid in body movement?

A

They act as levers

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2
Q

What do bones store, and how?

A

Minerals and trace elements in bone matrix

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3
Q

Where do bones form red blood cells?

A

In the red bone marrow, within the medullary cavity

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4
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact and cancellous

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5
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Bone which is strong and has densely packed crystals that transmit force in one direction

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6
Q

What bones are light and spongy?

A

Cancellous bones

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7
Q

Why are cancellous bones shock absorbing?

A

They have multidirectional sruts which allow force to be absorbed from joint surfaces that experience stress from multiple directions.

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8
Q

What are the four classes of bone?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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9
Q

What is the shape of long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide

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10
Q

What are the parts of a long bone? (2)

A

Diaphysis and two epiphyses

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11
Q

What is the diaphysis and what type of bone is it mostly constructed from?

A

The long, slender part of a long bone, mainly made of compact bone.

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12
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

The larger rounded parts at the top and/or bottom of long bones, that are wider than the diaphysis.

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13
Q

What are the two epiphyses of a long bone, and how are they named?

A

Proximal and distal, named for their relativity to the attachment of the limb to the trunk.

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14
Q

What is the cavity inside of a bone called?

A

Medullary cavity

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15
Q

What is the shape of short bones?

A

Approximately equal length and width

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16
Q

What type of bone is the rib?

A

Flat bone

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17
Q

What type of bone are short bones mostly made up of?

A

Cancellous bone

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18
Q

What is the flat part of flat bones often used for?

A

Muscle attachment

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19
Q

What are the key roles of flat bones? (2)

A

Protection and muscle attachment

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20
Q

What is the structure of the flat bones of the cranium?

A

Outer layer of compact bone filled with layers of spongey cancellous bone

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21
Q

What are flat bones predominantly made up of?

A

Compact bone

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22
Q

What do irregular bones often contain?

A

A foramen

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23
Q

What is a foramen?

A

A boney hole/arch through which nerves or blood vessels pass.

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24
Q

What are the divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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25
Q

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column/spine, sacrum, coccyx

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26
Q

What is the primary role of the axial skeleton?

A

To protect vital organs

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27
Q

What are the two functions of the cranium?

A

To protect the brain and provide surface area for muscle attachment

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28
Q

What are the two types of bones of the skull?

A

Facial bones and the cranium

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29
Q

What joins the bones of the skull together?

A

Sutures

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30
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column in terms of stability?

A

Keeps the trunk upright and supports the head

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31
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

24

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32
Q

What are the divisions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx

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33
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical division of the vertebral column?

A

7

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34
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic division of the vertebral column?

A

12

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35
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar division of the vertebral column?

A

5

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36
Q

What are the bottom parts of the vertebral column called?

A

sacrum and coccyx

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37
Q

What is the role of the rib cage?

A

To protect the heart and lungs

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38
Q

What are the bones of the upper limb (excluding hand)

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, clavicle

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39
Q

What are the bones of the hand?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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40
Q

What bones make up the lower limb (excluding the foot)?

A

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula

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41
Q

What is the proximal bone of the lower limb?

A

Femur

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42
Q

What is the proximal bone of the upper limb?

A

Humerus

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43
Q

How many distal bones are in the limb (excluding hand/foot)

A

two

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44
Q

What are the distal bones of the upper limb?

A

Radius and ulna

45
Q

What are the distal bones of the lower limb?

A

Tibia and fibula

46
Q

Why are the lower limbs more stable and strong, while the upper limbs are precise and mobile?

A

The lower limbs are used for walking (humans are bipedal)

47
Q

What rotating motions allow the upper limb forearm and hand to be mobile?

A

Pronation and supination.

48
Q

What characteristics of the bones of the arms allow for mobility?

A

Greater surface area where bones can slide past one another.

49
Q

What feature of the distal lower limb bones creates stability in the ankle?

A

The cup shaped distal end of the tibia/fibula, that the talus bone sits within. Fibrous inferior tibiofibular joint

50
Q

What are the types of bone in the hand/wrist?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

51
Q

What type of bones are carpals?

A

Short bones

52
Q

How many carpals are there?

A

8

53
Q

How many metacarpals/metatarsals are in the hand/foot?

A

5

54
Q

What type of bone are metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges?

A

long bones

55
Q

How many phalanges are in the hand/foot?

A

14

56
Q

What type of bone are tarsals?

A

short bones

57
Q

How many tarsals are found in the foot/ankle?

A

7

58
Q

Where are the upper limbs attached to the axial skeleton?

A

the pectoral girdle

59
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and Scapular

60
Q

What does the clavicle connect?

A

The scapula to the sternum

61
Q

What connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton?

A

The pelvic girdle

62
Q

What are the two key components of the pelvis?

A

The sacrum and the hip bones

63
Q

What is the primary function of the pelvis?

A

To bear the load of the body by transferring/channeling the weight from the vertebral column into the lower limbs towards the ground. Support organs such as reproductive organs

64
Q

What are the three parts of the hip/pelvic bone?

A

ilium, pubis, ischium.

65
Q

What are the two differences between the male and female pelvis?

A

Female has a more circular and open pelvic cavity, and a more open angled pubic arch

66
Q

What is the name for the large cavity in the pelvis?

A

Pelvic inlet

67
Q

What is the name for the large rounded depression in the wing of the hip bone?

A

Iliac fossa

68
Q

What joint connects the two hip bones anteriorly with a cartilaginous joint?

A

Pubic symphysis

69
Q

What is the rounded bone that extends from the ischium at the bottom of the pelvis?

A

Ischial tuberosity

70
Q

What is the name for the lower and back parts of the hip bone?

A

Ischium

71
Q

Where is the pubis located?

A

The most forward facing bone, above the ischium. Forms the cup-shaped structure of the pelvic girdle

72
Q

What is the largest part of the hip bones?

A

Ilium

73
Q

Where is the ilium located?

A

At the uppermost part of the hipbones, forming the ‘wings’ of the hipbones.

74
Q

Where is the coccyx located?

A

At the inferior end of the sacrum

75
Q

What two bones make up the pubis?

A

Superior ramus and inferior ramus

76
Q

What is the anterior superior iliac spine?

A

A bony projection that forms a ‘ridge’ on the anterior edge of the ilium.

77
Q

What are the rounded prominences at the distal end of the femur?

A

Femoral condyles

78
Q

How many phalanges are in the thumb?

A

2

79
Q

What structure of the distal end of the humerus articulates at the elbow joint?

A

Condyle

80
Q

What are the wide bony projections of the humerus that are medial and lateral to the condyle?

A

Epicondyles

81
Q

What part of the humerus does the ulna attach to?

A

The anterior part of the ulna articulates with the trochlear part of the condyle of the humerus. The posterior olecranon of the ulna articulates with the olecranon fossa.

82
Q

Which forearm bone articulates with the carpals?

A

Radius

83
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pivot joint

84
Q

How are the carpals arranged?

A

In two rows

85
Q

What are the parts of a metacarpal?

A

base, shaft, head

86
Q

Are the heads of a metacarpal/metatarsal distal or proximal?

A

Distal

87
Q

Which region of the metacarpals do the carpals articulate with?

A

Base

88
Q

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?

A

Pivot joint

89
Q

How many ribs make up the rib cage?

A

24 (12 on each side)

90
Q

What are the articulations of the ribs of the thorax/rib cage?

A

The vertebral column (posteriorly), the sternum (anteriorly)

91
Q

How many ribs on each side are connected with the sternum?

A

10 (20 in total)

92
Q

How do ribs attach to the sternum?

A

With costal cartilage

93
Q

What is the structure of the sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae that sit at the base of the spine, and at the posterior of the pelvis

94
Q

What bones does the scapula articulate with?

A

Humerus, clavicle

95
Q

What are the four key bones of the cranium?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

96
Q

What is the most anterior cranial bone?

A

Frontal bone

97
Q

What cranium bones articulates with the frontal bone?

A

Parietal bones

98
Q

What is the posterior/inferior bone of the cranium?

A

Occipital bone

99
Q

What key component of the cranium is made up of two bones (one on either side)

A

Temporal bones

100
Q

Which bone of the cranium is the only one that is able to move?

A

Mandible (jaw bone)

101
Q

What is the lateral bone of the leg?

A

The fibula

102
Q

How does the radius and humerus articulate at the elbow joint?

A

The anterior of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus (part of the condyles)

103
Q

How many bones are found in each upper limb?

A

32

104
Q

How many bones are found in each lower limb?

A

30

105
Q

Which bone crosses which in pronation?

A

Radius crosses ulna anteriorly, so that the palm faces backwards and the distal end of the ulna becomes lateral to the distal radius

106
Q

How many of each of the 4 main cranial bones are there in the skull?

A

1 frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 1 occipital bone, 2 temporal bones

107
Q

Going down the vertebral column, in each region, does the vertebral foramen get smaller or larger?

A

Smaller - the spinal cord becomes smaller as nerves branch out to the peripheral nervous system

108
Q

Why does the medullary cavity not reduce the strength of the diaphysis?

A

The centre of the bone is not subjected to tension or compression, as force is channeled down the compact bone of the diaphysis

HUBS191 - RUBY (36 decks)

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