lecture 17 - functional info flow

Question 1

What are the two types of information transmitted in the nervous system?

Answer 1

Somatic and Autonomic

Question 2

What is somatic information in the nervous system?

Answer 2

Action we are aware of/can control, e.g. voluntary muscle control (efferent), sensory information (afferent)

Question 3

What is autonomic information in the nervous system?

Answer 3

Information and control we are not aware of and have no control over. e.g. involuntary muscle control (efferent), sensory info we are unaware of (afferent)

Question 4

How many neurons are found between the brain and effector in the somatic efferent division?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

What are the neurons found in the Somatic efferent division?

Answer 5

Upper and lower motor neuron

Question 6

Where are the components of the upper motor neuron in the somatic efferent division?

Answer 6

CNS - Cell body in brain, axon in spinal cord

Question 7

Where are the components of the lower motor neuron in the somatic efferent division?

Answer 7

PNS - cell body in spinal cord, axon in spinal nerve, synapse on effector in PNS

Question 8

Are the axons of the somatic efferent division of the nervous system myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 8

Myelinated

Question 9

What is the neurotransmitter used by the spinal nerve at a neuromuscular junction in the somatic efferent division?

Answer 9

Acetylcholine

Question 10

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 10

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 11

What are the common effectors of the autonomic nervous system (4)?

Answer 11

Smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

Question 12

How many neurons are there between the brain and the effector in the autonomic efferent division of the CNS?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

What is the location of neuron 1 in the autonomic efferent division of the nervous system?

Answer 13

Cell body in brain, axon in brain/spinal cord.

Question 14

What is the location of neuron 2 in the autonomic efferent division of the nervous system?

Answer 14

Cell body in brain/spinal cord, axon in PNS

Question 15

What is the location of neuron 3 in the autonomic efferent division of the nervous system?

Answer 15

Cell body and axon in PNS, with synapse at effector

Question 16

Is neuron 2 in the autonomic efferent division of the nervous system myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 16

Myelinated

Question 17

Is neuron 3 in the autonomic efferent division of the nervous system myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 17

Unmyelinated

Question 18

What is the function of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system?

Answer 18

Prepare the body for acute/stress responses - e.g. ‘fight or flight’

Question 19

What are examples of body functions controlled by the sympathetic autonomic nervous system?

Answer 19

Heart rate, vasoconstriction, gastric motility, salivation, pupil size, sweating

Question 20

What is the neurotransmitter used at the synapse between neurons 2 and 3 in the autonomic efferent division?

Answer 20

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 21

What are the neurotransmitters used at the synapse between neuron 3 and the effector in the autonomic efferent division?

Answer 21

Acetylcholine/ACh (parasympathetic), Norepinephrine/NE (sympathetic)

Question 22

What neurotransmitter is used at the synapse of neuron 3 and the effector in the sympathetic autonomic efferent system?

Answer 22

Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 23

What neurotransmitter is used at the synapse of neuron 3 and the effector in the parasympathetic autonomic efferent system?

Answer 23

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 24

What is the location of neuron 2 in the sympathetic autonomic efferent division?

Answer 24

Cell body - ‘pre ganglionic’ thoracolubular levels of spinal cord (CNS). Axon - Terminals are in sympathetic chain ganglion

Question 25

What is the location of neuron 3 in the sympathetic autonomic efferent division?

Answer 25

Cell body - ‘post ganglionic’, in sympathetic chain ganglion. Axon - In PNS. Output - peripheral effector

Question 26

What are the relative sizes of neuron 2 and 3 in the sympathetic efferent autonomic nervous system?

Answer 26

Neuron 2 is short, Neuron 3 is long (extends from sympathetic chain ganglion all the way to the effector)

Question 27

What part of the nervous system are the sympathetic chain ganglia associated with?

Answer 27

Sympathetic autonomic efferent

Question 28

What is the location and basic structure of the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Answer 28

Found in 21 to 23 pairs on either side of the vertebral column. Cell bodies of pre ganglionic neurons found within thoracolumbar region (lumbar and thoracic nerves) with axons connecting to the chain ganglia where the post ganglionic neuron cell bodies are located.

Question 29

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 29

Prepare the body for restful situations.

Question 30

What are some examples of actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 30

Decreased: heart rate gastric motility, pupil size, salivation

Question 31

What is the neurotransmitter used at the synapse between neuron 2 and 3 in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 32

What neurotransmitter is used at the synapse of neuron 3 and the effector in the parasympathetic autonomic efferent system?

Answer 32

Acetylcholine

Question 33

What is the location of neuron 2 in the parasympathetic autonomic efferent system?

Answer 33

Cell bodies - cranial (brain stem) and sacral (spinal cord) levels. Axon - parasympathetic ganglia (located in/near the effector)

Question 34

What is the location of neuron 3 in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 34

Cell bodies - in parasympathetic ganglia near effector organs. Axon - Short and connects straight to effector

Question 35

What are the relative sizes of neurons 2 and 3 (their axons) in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 35

Neuron 2 is long, Neuron 3 is short

Question 36

In sympathetic efferent divisions, are the neuron axons myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 36

Neuron 2 myelinated, Neuron 3 unmyelinated

Question 37

In parasympathetic efferent divisions, are the neuron axons myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 37

Neuron 2 myelinated, Neuron 3 unmyelinated

Question 38

What is the alternative term for norepinephrine (NE)?

Answer 38

Noradrenaline

Question 39

In terms of the parasympathetic/sympathetic nervous system, which neurons are pre ganglionic and which are post ganglionic?

Answer 39

Neuron 2 is preganglionic, Neuron 3 is postganglionic