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HUBS191 - RUBY > lecture 22 - movement & sensation > Flashcards

lecture 22 - movement & sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major sulci/fissures of the brain (4)?

A

Central, lateral and parietal-occipital sulcus, transverse fissure

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2
Q

What parts of the brain does the central sulcus divide?

A

Frontal and Parietal lobes

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3
Q

What parts of the brain does the lateral sulcus divide?

A

Frontal and temporal lobe

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4
Q

What parts of the brain does the parieto-occipital sulcus divide?

A

Parietal and occipital lobes.

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5
Q

What parts of the brain does the transverse fissure divide?

A

The cerebellum from the temporal and occipital lobes.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor control (top) & language and personality (bottom)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Memory and hearing

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8
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory

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9
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision (contains visual cortex)

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10
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Small part within the centre of the brain, that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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11
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A bundle of nerve fibres (myelinated axons) that connect the two hemispheres of the brain.

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12
Q

What is the colour of the corpus callosum, and why is it this colour?

A

White - contains fat, in the form of myelin on the axons bound with oligodendrocytes.

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13
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

At the bottom/back of the brain.

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14
Q

Where does the brain stem attach to the rest of the brain?

A

At the thalamus (of the diencephalon)

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15
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem, from superior to inferior?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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16
Q

Where does the brain stem connect to the spinal cord?

A

Through the foramen magnum to the medulla oblongata

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17
Q

What is the structure and appearance for the cerebral cortex?

A

Made up of cell bodies (grey matter)

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18
Q

What is white matter?

A

Tracts of myelinated axons within the brain.

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter?

A

Commissural, projection and association tracts.

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20
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Bundles of axons that cross from 1 hemisphere of the brain to the other.

21
Q

The corpus callosum is an example of which type of tracts?

A

Commissural tracts.

22
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

Tracts of axons that extend between the cortex and other CNS areas outside of the cerebrum. (e.g. corticospinal tract)

23
Q

What type of tract is the corticospinal tract?

A

A projection tract

24
Q

What does. the corticospinal tract connect?

A

The cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

25
Q

What are association tracts?

A

Tracts of axons that connect parts of the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere. Allows for short or long distance communication.

26
Q

What part of the brain functions as the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus.

27
Q

What is the location of the pre-central gyrus?

A

Adjacent to the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe.

28
Q

What is the pre-central gyrus made up of?

A

Cell bodies of upper motor neurons that form somatic efferent pathways.

29
Q

How does the primary motor cortex control movement?

A

Specific regions of the motor cortex control specific regions of the body, with more neurons for more delicately controlled body parts.

30
Q

What is the overall pathway for information in somatic efferent motor control?

A

Upper to lower motor neuron, then to effector (skeletal muscle).

31
Q

Where is the cell body on an upper motor neuron of the somatic efferent pathway found?

A

In the primary motor cortex/pre central gyrus.

32
Q

What is the pathway of the axon of the upper motor neuron in a somatic efferent pathway?

A

Extends from motor cortex to spinal cord, crossing over (usually at the medulla oblongata) to the opposite side of the cord before synapsing with the lower motor neuron.

33
Q

Where is the cell body of a lower motor neuron in a somatic efferent pathway?

A

Ventral horn (grey matter) of spinal cord, on opposite side to the original motor neuron’s origin in the primary motor cortex.

34
Q

What is the pathway of the axon of the lower motor neuron in the somatic efferent pathway?

A

Extends out of ventral root of the spinal cord into the body where it makes a synapse on skeletal muscle.

35
Q

What structure of the brain is associated with somatosensory perception?

A

Post-central gyrus

36
Q

What is somatosensory perception?

A

Conscious perception of touch, pressure, temperature, etc.

37
Q

What is the location of the post-central gyrus?

A

On the parietal lobe, adjacent to the central sulcus.

38
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

At the post-central gyrus

39
Q

How many neurons are in the dorsal column pathway?

A

3

40
Q

What does the dorsal column pathway control?

A

Somatosensory perception

41
Q

Where is the first neuron in the dorsal column pathway?

A

Input zone at sensory receptors, cell body in dorsal root ganglion, output zone ascends the brain stem (dorsal column) to make synapse with neuron 2 in medulla oblongata.

42
Q

What class of neuron (—polar) is the 1st neuron in the dorsal column pathway?

A

Unipolar

43
Q

What are the locations of the 2nd neuron in dorsal column pathway?

A

Cell body in medulla oblongata, axon crosses to opposite side of spinal cord and makes synapse to neuron 3 at thalamus

44
Q

What are the locations of the components of Neuron 3 in the dorsal column pathway?

A

Cell body in thalamus, axon ascends to somatosensory cortex, makes synapse to cell body of somatosensory neuron for touch to be perceived.

45
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A unit consisting of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates.

46
Q

How many muscle fibres can a single motor neuron synapse with?

A

Up to a few thousand

47
Q

What is the structure of a small motor unit?

A

Consists of one motor neuron and a few dozen muscle fibres

48
Q

what is the structure of a large motor unit?

A

Single motor neuron and as many as a few thousand muscle fibres

49
Q

What does the corticospinal/pyramidal tract control?

A

The control of precise,voluntary movements

HUBS191 - RUBY (36 decks)

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