Lecture 3- Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
The intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from the blood
What is the respiratoty system made up of?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, layrnx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, elveoli, lungs and diaphragm
What organs make up the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, pharynx, larynx
What organs make up the lowe respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are two congenital diseases of the respiratory system?
Cystic fibrosis and Hyaline membrane disease
What is cystic fibrosis?
Characterized by excessive thick mucous by the exocrine glands that affects the lungs and digestive system
What is cystic fibrosis caused by?
A defective gene in middle of chromosome 7
What is hyaline membrane disease?
Affects premature inflants due to lack of surfactant, leading to respiratory distress
What is hyaline membrane disease also called?
Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
What is the treatment for Hyaline Membrane diease?
Providing artificial surfactant and supportive care to help the baby breathe
What are inflammatory disorders of the upper respiratory system?
- Croup
- Epiglottitis
What is croup?
A viral infection of young children that produces inflammatory obstructuve swelling to the subglotic portion of the trachea
What is croup characterized by?
A barking cough and difficulty breathing
What is epiglottitis?
A swelling of the epigottic tissue that is caused by Haemophilius influenza in children
What are inflammatory disorders of the lower respiratory system?
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Lung Abscess
What is pneumonia?
An inflammation of the lung that is caused by a variety of organisms mostly bacterial or viral
What are the 3 radiographic patterns of pneumonia?
Alveolar, Bronchopneumonia or Interstitial Pneumonia
What is alveolar/air-space pneumonia?
An infection in the alveoli that fills it with exudate caused by streptococcus penumonia
What is an example of alveolar/air-space pneumonia?
Lobar pneumonia affecting a single lobe
What is bronchopneumonia?
Infection in the bronchi that spreads to the alveoli, often seen in bedridden patients
What is interstitial pneumonia?
Inflammation of the alveolar septa and interstital tissue, rather than alveoli
What causes interstitial pneumonia?
Viral infections like influenza, RSV and Covid
What is RSV?
The most common cause of bronchiolitis that spreads via droplets from the nose or throat
What is Covid -19?
A highly transmissible disease that causes potentially fatal pneumonia
What is an example of interstitial pnemonia?
Atypical pneumonia, which is often milder but more diffuse
What is a lung abscess?
A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing pus
What is the most common cause of lung abscess?
Aspiration
What is a lung abscess a complication of?
Pneumonia, bronchial obstruction or a foreign body
What is tuberculosis?
A bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
How is tuberculosis spread?
Via airborn droplests
What are chronic lung diseases?
-COPD
- Pneumoconiosis
- Sarcoidosis
What is another term for chronic lung disease?
Interstial lung disease or Diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD)
What is COPD?
A group of lung diseases that cause chronic obstruction of the airways and ineffective exchange of respiratory gases
What are 3 main types of COPD?
- Chronic bronchitis
- Emphysema
- Asthma
What is emphysema?
A chronic lung disease that damages the air sacs in the lungs and makes it hard to breath
What is the leading cause of emphysema?
Smoking
What is asthma?
A chronic lung disease that is cause by inflamed airways that tighten and make it hard to breath
What are symptoms of asthma?
Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness
What are triggers of ashtma?
Allergens like pollen, dust or other particles
What is sarcoidosis?
A inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas often detected in young agults
What is pneumoconiosis?
A sever lung disease caused by inhalation of irritating particles
What are the 3 types of pneumonconiosis?
- Asbestosis
- Silicosis
- Antracosis
What is asbestosis?
A chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers
What impact do the asbestos fibers have on the lungs?
Cause damage that lead to scarring
What are the two types of asbestosis?
Mesothelioma which causes plaque
Asbestosis which causes scarring
What is silicosis?
A chronic lung disease caused by inhaling crystalline silica dust over long periods of time
What occupations cause silicosis?
Construction, mining, stone cutting, pottery and dlass manufacturing
What is antracosis?
Coal worker’s disease
What is neoplastic disease?
Tumors or abnormal growths of tissue that result from uncontrolled cell division
What are the two types of neoplasms?
Benign or malignant
What is bronchogenic carcinoma?
A primary carcinoma of the lung that arises from the mucosa of the bronchia tree
What is bronchogenic carcinoma linked to?
Smoking and the inhalation of carcinogens (air pollution, exhaust, industrial flames)
What are the two types of bronchogenic carcinoma?
Non-small cell and small cell
What percentage of lung cancers are made up on non-small cell types?
80% of all lung cancers
What are 3 types of non-small cell type carcinoma?
- Sqamous carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma
- Bronchiolar carcinoma
What is the most common type of non-small cell carcinoma?
Squamous carcinoma
What is the least common type of non-small cell carcinoma?
Bronchiolar carcinoma
What is pulmonary metastases?
A secondary lung tumor that originates from other cancers (breast, colon, prostate)
What are vascular disorders of the lungs?
- pulmonary embolism
- septic embolism
What is pulmonary embolism?
The most common lung pathology of hospitalized patients and is where a blood clot travels to the pulmonary artery and obstructs it
Where do pulmonary embolisms originate from?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
Shortness of breath and swelling in the legs
What is septic embolism?
A bacterial emboli that enters pulmonary circulation and gets trapped in the lungs
Where do septic embolism primarily arise from?
- Heart via bacterial endocarditits
- Peripheral veins via septic thrombophlebitis
Who is septic embolism most cmmon in?
IV drug users
What are miscellaneous lung disorders?
- Atelactasis
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What is Atelectasis?
A condition in which there is diminished air within the lung associated with reduced lung volume
What is Atelectasis caused by?
Bronchial obstruction from neoplasm, foreign bodies or mucous plug
What does Atelectasis result in?
Collapse lung
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A sever lung inflammation causing fluid buildup in alveoli
What is a main symtom of ARDS?
Hypoxia and sever respiratory impairment
What patients does ARDS develop in?
Those who have medical and surgical disorders but no major lung disease
What patiens is ARDS most common in?
Non-thoracic trauma patients who develop hypotension and shock (Shock lung)
What are disorders of the pleura?
- pneumothorax
- pleural effusion
- empyema
What is pneumothorax?
The presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in a collapsed lung
What are the causes of pneumothorax?
- rupture of subpleural bullae
- spontaneous event/trauma
- iatrogenic causes
- complications of neonatal hyaline membrane disorder
What is pleural effusion?
An accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
What are some causes of pleural effusion?
- congenital heart failure
- pulmonary embolism
- infection (especially TB)
- pleurisy
- neoplastic disease
- connective tissue disorder
- surgery
What is empyema?
A rare accumulation of infected liquid or pus in the pleural space
What is empyema caused by?
The spread of adjacent infection adter surgery, trauma or instrumentation of the pleural space
