Lecture 2 - Physical and Chemical Injury Trauma Flashcards
What are wounds?
Any injury that causes a break in the skin or other body membranes or in the underlying tissue
What are abrasions?
Superficial tearing of the skin
What are lacerations?
Tissues are torn rather than cut that can be irregular or deep
What are incisions?
Clean, surgical cuts that bleed freely
What are contusions or bruises?
Injuries that produce black and blue appearance at the site of injury caused by blunt force trauma
What are punctures?
Small surface opening with deep internal trauma
What are fractures?
Breaks in bones
What are concussions?
Injuries to the brain
What is a missile wound?
A wound caused by a flying object such as a stone, arrow or bullet
What is a first degree burn?
Superficial partial-thickness burn that affects the epidermis only
What is a second degree burn?
Deep partial-thickness burn that affects the epidermis and part of the dermis
What symptoms are associate with a second degree burn?
Red, blistered and painful
What is a third degree burn?
Full-thickness burn that destroys all skin layers and underlying tissue
What is a fourth degree burn?
Damage extends to underlying muscles and tissues
What is aplasia?
Congenital absence of an organ
What is hypoplasia?
Failure of an organ to reach full adult size
What is a growth disturbance?
Any type of lesion or tissue mass that is characterized by the proliferation of cells
What are the two categories of growth disturbances?
Hyperplasia and Neoplasia
What are benign tumors?
Slow growing, encapsulated growths that do not invade surrounding tissues
What are characteristics of Benign tumors?
They are slow growing and expand vs spread, do not reocur, are readily removable and only cause death if in a vital organ
What is a malignant tumor?
Radpid growing tumor that invades the surrounding tissues and can metastasize.
What are some other characteristics of malignant tumors?
Can reocur, can cause death of untreated and are non-encapsulated
What are the categories of tumors?
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Lymphoma
Leukemia
What is a carcinoma?
Malignant neoplasm that arises from epithelial cells
What are examples of carcinomas?
Lung, breast, stomach tumors
What are categories of carcinomas?
Basal cell- skin, face, canthus
Adenocarcinoma - breast, GI tract
What is a sarcoma?
Malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue?
What are examples of sarcomas?
Bone, cartilage and muscle tumors
What are categories of sarcomas?
Osteosarcoma - long bone femur
Lipo- sarcoma - neck and shoulder
What are Leukemia and Lyphoma?
Blood and lymphatic system cancers
What is the TNM staging system for tumors?
T = size of primary
N = Regional lymph involvement
M= presense or absense on metastasis
What is Stage 1 tumor?
Tumor is confined to the organ of origin
What is Stage 2 tumor?
Growth extends to involve the regional lymph node
What is a Stage 3 tumor?
Tumor extends to a distant lymph node
What is stage 4 tumor?
Blood-borne metastases occur
What are the types of major body trauma?
Chest injury
Abdominal injury
Spinal Injury
Head injury
What is trauma?
Injural caused by extrinsic forces
What are the 3 major categories of physical injury?
- mechanical
- thermal
- radiation
What is mechanical injury?
Caused by blows, cuts or fractures
What is thermal injury?
Resulting from burns or extreme temperatures
What is radiation injury?
Injury caused by exposure to radiation
What are the major effects of a chest trauma?
- hemorrhage
- interference with breathing
- obstruction of tracheo-bronchial tree
- fluid in pleural space
- multiple rib fractures
- pneumothorax
What is a pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse
What is the impact of rib fractures?
Can puncture the lungs and other organs
What is a hemothorax?
Blood in the pleural space that can cause the lung to collapse
What is a hemopneumothorax?
Blood and air in the pleural space that can cause the lung to collapse
What are the effects of abdominal trauma?
- hemorrhage
- perforation
- rupture of bladder
- spleen laceration/rupture
- liver trauma
- kidney trauma
- GI rupture
What are the effects of spinal trauma?
- fractures
- dislocations
- paralysis
- shock
- pain
What are the primary symptons of spinal trauma?
Pain, paralysis and shock
What is a Clay Shoveler’s cerviceal fracture?
Fracture of the spinous process of C6-T2
What is a Hangman’s cervical fracture?
Fracture througb the pedicle of C2 with or without subluxation on C3
What is a Jefferson’s fracture?
Fracture of C1 where it bursts in 4 places
What are the 4 types of lumbar fractures?
- compression fracture
- burst fracture
- seat-belt fracture
- fracture dislocation
What are the pelvic fracture classifications?
Anterior-Posterior Compression Type 1-3
Lateral Compression Type 1-3
Vertical Shear
What is a Type 1 Anterior - Posterior compression fracture of the pelvis?
Widening of the pubic symphysis by 2.5 cm without any other fracture
What is a Type 2 Anterior - Posterior compression fracture of the pelvis?
Widening of the public symphysis by more than 2.5 cm with partial disruption of the SI joint
What is a Type 3 Anterior - Posterior compression fracture of the pelvis?
Widening of the public symphysis by more than 2.5 cm with complete disruption of the SI joint
