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Biomedicine > Lecture 3, Pt 1 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Lecture 3, Pt 1 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A 
Movement
Maintaining posture
Heat production
Storage of substances
Movement of substances
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2
Q

How many muscle properties are there & what are they?

A

4 and they are:-
Contractility - Ability to shorten
Excitability - to conduct electrical current ie nerve impulses
Extensibility - stretch without being damaged
Elasticity - to be able to return to original length and shape

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3
Q

How many types of muscle and what are they?

A

3 types

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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4
Q

What are the two types cells in the muscle?

A

Striated (cells are aligned in parallel bundles so looks like stripes) and Non-striated (cells are randomly arranged

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5
Q

What are striated muscles?

A

Cardiac, involuntary muscle and skeletal - voluntary muscle

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6
Q

What are non striated muscles?

A

Smooth eg in walls of blood vessels, walls of gut and the iris, involuntary muscle

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7
Q

How many skeletal muscles in body? Weight?

A

640 muscles and around 40% of body weight, all voluntary

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8
Q

What covers skeletal muscle?

A

Fascia - a dense sheet of connective tissue that organises muscle, secures it to skin and provides stability. Collagen is a key part

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9
Q

What is Sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane of a skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What is Sarcoplasm?

A

The muscle cell cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Tubes that extend from the cell membrane into the muscle cells

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12
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

In a skeletal muscle cell and stores calcium needed for muscle contraction

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13
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

An iron and oxygen binding protein, red coloured, in a skeletal muscle cell

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14
Q

What are myocytes in skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle fibres, long cells, mature muscle cells and they can not undergo mitosis any further, so regeneration is limited and no of skeletal muscle fibres is set at birth

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15
Q

Myoblasts?

A

Muscle fibres are formed from the fusion of cells called myoblasts in the embryo. This is why skeletal muscle cells contain many nuclei

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16
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Cylindrical structures formed of bundles of protein filaments within the muscle fibre - contractile threads arranged in a striated pattern

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17
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Two types - actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)
Smaller filaments
They overlap to form sarcomeres

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18
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A basic unit of striated muscle and contains 4 zones:-
H zone - Myosin only
A Band - dark are where actin and myosin overlap
I Band - light area of only actin filaments
Z Disc - filaments of actin that are arranged at 90 degree angles, where they separate sarcomeres.

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19
Q

What is Sarco?

A

Flesh

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20
Q

What is Mere

A

Part

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21
Q

Myo?

A

Muscle

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22
Q

Fibril?

A

Fibre / filament

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23
Q

Epi?

A

Upon or over

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24
Q

Peri?

A

Around

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25
Q

Endo

A

Within

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26
Q

Connective Tissue?

A

Skeletal muscles consist of muscle fibres bound by connective tissue

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27
Q

What do Collagen Fibres in connective tissue do?

A

Assist to tightly intermingle with other structures

28
Q

Endomysium?

A

A thin sheath surrounding muscle fibres

29
Q

Perimysium?

A

Bundles of 10 - 100 muscle fibres are bound together to form fascicles, which are surrounded by perimysium

30
Q

Epimysium?

A

Surrounds the entire muscle that attaches it to fascia and tendons

31
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A

The motor end plate describes the location where motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre.

The strength of the muscle contraction depends o the number of motor neurons that are conducting an electrical impulse at one time, as well as the frequency of the impulses

32
Q

How does the Sliding Filament for Contraction work?

A

Nerve impulses arrive at the NMJ

The action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules into the muscle cell releasing calcium (Ca2+) from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium and ATP cause the myosin head to bind to the actin filament next to it. As the myosin and actin bind, tis movement causes the filaments to slide over each other, thereby shortening the fibre

33
Q

How does the Sliding Filament for Relaxation work?

A

Nerve stimulation stops (no nerve impulse)

Using magnesium and ATP, calcium is actively transported (pumped back) into storage, breaking the actin and myosin bond

Actin and myosin slide back into starting positions, lengthening the fibre again (relaxation)

Magnesium makes the muscle less excitable and prevents myosin bonding with actin

34
Q

What are the essential ingredients for effective muscle activity and athletic performance?

A

Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron.

35
Q

Which hormones promote muscle hypertrophy?

A

Growth hormone
Testosterone
Thyroid hormone

36
Q

The ability to produce ATP depends on..?

A

the availability of nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. More ATP is generated in the presence of O2

37
Q

What do muscles need in order to obtain these substances?

A

A rich blood supply

38
Q

What are the 2 pathways for ATP systhesis?

A

Aerobic - with O2

Anaerobic - without O2

39
Q

What else does Aerobic Resp require?

A

A continual blood supply - the O2 needed comes from breathing

40
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria

41
Q

How many molecules are produces with each action?

A

38 ATP molecules but 2 are used up in the reaction so net of 36

42
Q

What is Anaerobic respiration used for ?

A

Intensive Short term activity

43
Q

Were does Anaerobic respiration take place?

A

In the cytoplasm and occurs via glycolysis (breaking down of glycogen). This produces a net of 2 ATP molecules

44
Q

What else gets produced with Anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic Acid which lowers muscle pH and can cause muscle fatigue

45
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

A protein unique to muscles and is an energy storage form

46
Q

What does creatine do?

A

Provides a small but ready source of energy during the first 15 seconds of contraction

47
Q

Is there more or less creatine in a muscle than ATP?

A

3-6 ti,es more creatine

48
Q

What is the by-product from the breakdown of creatine phosphate?

A

Creatinine

49
Q

Myo?

A

Muscle

50
Q

Globin?

A

Spherical protein

51
Q

Types of skeletal Muscle?

A

Red and White

52
Q

Define white muscle fibres?

A

White due to low quantity of myoglobin
Large diameter fibres
Anaerobic respiration
Fast and strenuous work, hence fatigue quickly

53
Q

Define red muscle fibres?

A

Red due to high quantity of myoglobin
Small diameter fibres
Aerobic respiration (hence lots of mitochondria)
Designed for sustained activity with no fatigue

54
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
Fast glycolytic (FG)

55
Q

Define Slow oxidative muscles?

A 
Dark red
Aerobic
Highest amount of mitochondria and myoglobin
Longest duration
Good for endurance
Small in diameter
56
Q

Define Fast oxidative glycolytic muscles?

A 
White-pink
Aerobic / Anaerobic
Lower amount of mitochondria and myoglobin
Resistant to fatigue
Good for fast walking / sprinting
Intermediate in size
57
Q

Define Fast glycolytic muscles?

A 
White
Anaerobic
Least amount of mitochondria and myoglobin
Fatigues quickly
Good for weights
Large in diameter
58
Q

How many human muscles are SO?

A

50% approx

59
Q

Can skeletal muscles be a mix of muscle fibres?

A

Yes eg Shoulders and arms - high amount of FG, legs and back (postural) FOG and SO

60
Q

Can training vary the proportions?

A

Yes

61
Q

Exercise can cause muscle fibres to change?

A

Yes - endurance athletes often have more SO fibres, strength training increases the size and strength of FG fibres

62
Q

Face Muscles?

A 
Occipitofrontalis (raises eyebrows)
Orbicularis oculi - closes eyes
Orbicularis oris - closes pouts lips
Masseter - Mastication
Temporalis - Masstication
63
Q

Neck Muscles?

A

Sternocleidomastoid - turns and tilts head

Trapezius - Pull head backwards, elevates and retracts shoulders

64
Q

Back Muscle?

A

Supraspinatus- initial abduction of shoulder
Psoas - Hip flexor - thigh to trunk
Latissimus Dorsi - extends, adducts and internally rotates arms
Quadratus lumborum - bending backwards or sideways
Erector Spinae - extension of vertebral column ie spine upright

65
Q

Chest and Abdomen Muscles?

A

Pectoralis arms forward, shoulder flexion and medial rotatation
Rectus abdominis - vertebral flexion eg crunches - bend forwards
Internal and external obliques - rotation side bending

Biomedicine (7 decks)

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