Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biomedicine > Lecture 3, Pt 1 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Lecture 3, Pt 1 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscle?

A 
Movement
Maintaining posture
Heat production
Storage of substances
Movement of substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many muscle properties are there & what are they?

A

4 and they are:-
Contractility - Ability to shorten
Excitability - to conduct electrical current ie nerve impulses
Extensibility - stretch without being damaged
Elasticity - to be able to return to original length and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many types of muscle and what are they?

A

3 types

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types cells in the muscle?

A

Striated (cells are aligned in parallel bundles so looks like stripes) and Non-striated (cells are randomly arranged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are striated muscles?

A

Cardiac, involuntary muscle and skeletal - voluntary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are non striated muscles?

A

Smooth eg in walls of blood vessels, walls of gut and the iris, involuntary muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many skeletal muscles in body? Weight?

A

640 muscles and around 40% of body weight, all voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What covers skeletal muscle?

A

Fascia - a dense sheet of connective tissue that organises muscle, secures it to skin and provides stability. Collagen is a key part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane of a skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Sarcoplasm?

A

The muscle cell cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Tubes that extend from the cell membrane into the muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

In a skeletal muscle cell and stores calcium needed for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

An iron and oxygen binding protein, red coloured, in a skeletal muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are myocytes in skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle fibres, long cells, mature muscle cells and they can not undergo mitosis any further, so regeneration is limited and no of skeletal muscle fibres is set at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myoblasts?

A

Muscle fibres are formed from the fusion of cells called myoblasts in the embryo. This is why skeletal muscle cells contain many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Cylindrical structures formed of bundles of protein filaments within the muscle fibre - contractile threads arranged in a striated pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Two types - actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)
Smaller filaments
They overlap to form sarcomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A basic unit of striated muscle and contains 4 zones:-
H zone - Myosin only
A Band - dark are where actin and myosin overlap
I Band - light area of only actin filaments
Z Disc - filaments of actin that are arranged at 90 degree angles, where they separate sarcomeres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Sarco?

A

Flesh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Mere

A

Part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myo?

A

Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fibril?

A

Fibre / filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Epi?

A

Upon or over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Peri?

A

Around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Endo
Within
26
Connective Tissue?
Skeletal muscles consist of muscle fibres bound by connective tissue
27
What do Collagen Fibres in connective tissue do?
Assist to tightly intermingle with other structures
28
Endomysium?
A thin sheath surrounding muscle fibres
29
Perimysium?
Bundles of 10 - 100 muscle fibres are bound together to form fascicles, which are surrounded by perimysium
30
Epimysium?
Surrounds the entire muscle that attaches it to fascia and tendons
31
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
The motor end plate describes the location where motor neurons terminate in tiny pads on the muscle fibre. The strength of the muscle contraction depends o the number of motor neurons that are conducting an electrical impulse at one time, as well as the frequency of the impulses
32
How does the Sliding Filament for Contraction work?
Nerve impulses arrive at the NMJ The action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules into the muscle cell releasing calcium (Ca2+) from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium and ATP cause the myosin head to bind to the actin filament next to it. As the myosin and actin bind, tis movement causes the filaments to slide over each other, thereby shortening the fibre
33
How does the Sliding Filament for Relaxation work?
Nerve stimulation stops (no nerve impulse) Using magnesium and ATP, calcium is actively transported (pumped back) into storage, breaking the actin and myosin bond Actin and myosin slide back into starting positions, lengthening the fibre again (relaxation) Magnesium makes the muscle less excitable and prevents myosin bonding with actin
34
What are the essential ingredients for effective muscle activity and athletic performance?
Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and iron.
35
Which hormones promote muscle hypertrophy?
Growth hormone Testosterone Thyroid hormone
36
The ability to produce ATP depends on..?
the availability of nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. More ATP is generated in the presence of O2
37
What do muscles need in order to obtain these substances?
A rich blood supply
38
What are the 2 pathways for ATP systhesis?
Aerobic - with O2 | Anaerobic - without O2
39
What else does Aerobic Resp require?
A continual blood supply - the O2 needed comes from breathing
40
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
In the mitochondria
41
How many molecules are produces with each action?
38 ATP molecules but 2 are used up in the reaction so net of 36
42
What is Anaerobic respiration used for ?
Intensive Short term activity
43
Were does Anaerobic respiration take place?
In the cytoplasm and occurs via glycolysis (breaking down of glycogen). This produces a net of 2 ATP molecules
44
What else gets produced with Anaerobic respiration?
Lactic Acid which lowers muscle pH and can cause muscle fatigue
45
What is creatine phosphate?
A protein unique to muscles and is an energy storage form
46
What does creatine do?
Provides a small but ready source of energy during the first 15 seconds of contraction
47
Is there more or less creatine in a muscle than ATP?
3-6 ti,es more creatine
48
What is the by-product from the breakdown of creatine phosphate?
Creatinine
49
Myo?
Muscle
50
Globin?
Spherical protein
51
Types of skeletal Muscle?
Red and White
52
Define white muscle fibres?
White due to low quantity of myoglobin Large diameter fibres Anaerobic respiration Fast and strenuous work, hence fatigue quickly
53
Define red muscle fibres?
Red due to high quantity of myoglobin Small diameter fibres Aerobic respiration (hence lots of mitochondria) Designed for sustained activity with no fatigue
54
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Slow oxidative Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) Fast glycolytic (FG)
55
Define Slow oxidative muscles?
``` Dark red Aerobic Highest amount of mitochondria and myoglobin Longest duration Good for endurance Small in diameter ```
56
Define Fast oxidative glycolytic muscles?
``` White-pink Aerobic / Anaerobic Lower amount of mitochondria and myoglobin Resistant to fatigue Good for fast walking / sprinting Intermediate in size ```
57
Define Fast glycolytic muscles?
``` White Anaerobic Least amount of mitochondria and myoglobin Fatigues quickly Good for weights Large in diameter ```
58
How many human muscles are SO?
50% approx
59
Can skeletal muscles be a mix of muscle fibres?
Yes eg Shoulders and arms - high amount of FG, legs and back (postural) FOG and SO
60
Can training vary the proportions?
Yes
61
Exercise can cause muscle fibres to change?
Yes - endurance athletes often have more SO fibres, strength training increases the size and strength of FG fibres
62
Face Muscles?
``` Occipitofrontalis (raises eyebrows) Orbicularis oculi - closes eyes Orbicularis oris - closes pouts lips Masseter - Mastication Temporalis - Masstication ```
63
Neck Muscles?
Sternocleidomastoid - turns and tilts head | Trapezius - Pull head backwards, elevates and retracts shoulders
64
Back Muscle?
Supraspinatus- initial abduction of shoulder Psoas - Hip flexor - thigh to trunk Latissimus Dorsi - extends, adducts and internally rotates arms Quadratus lumborum - bending backwards or sideways Erector Spinae - extension of vertebral column ie spine upright
65
Chest and Abdomen Muscles?
Pectoralis arms forward, shoulder flexion and medial rotatation Rectus abdominis - vertebral flexion eg crunches - bend forwards Internal and external obliques - rotation side bending

Biomedicine (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions