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Biomedicine > Lecture 1 , Pt 2 - Cytology, Basic Genetics & Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 , Pt 2 - Cytology, Basic Genetics & Histology Flashcards

Cell Division, Mutation, Transportation, Tissues (Histology)

1
Q

Mitosis

A

To copy or clone

A type of cell division that results in 2 identical daughter cells having the same chromosones as the parent

Somatic cells reproduce via mitosis. SOmatic cell has dipolod cell so 46 chromosones

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Gametes (Sex) Cells are formed through Meiosis.

Process produces 4 non identical Haploid Cells in 2 divisions ie the chromosones overlap

A gametes cell has 2 haploid nucleus which means they have 23 chromosones each

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3
Q

Gamates

A

Female gamate is larger (ovum) and immobile
Male gamate is smaller and moveable (due to tail)
Fusion of the 2 = conception leads to formation of Zygote - a duploid cell.
Zygote then undergoes meiosis and develops to embryo and finally a feotus after 8 weeks

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4
Q

Mutation?

A

A change in genetic information ie DNA

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5
Q

DNA?

A

Consists of various sequences of 4 amino acids, A C T G - a mutation will change the sequence

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6
Q

Gamete Mutation

A

Will be passed on to offspring

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7
Q

Somatic Mutation

A

Cannot be passed on to offsrping

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8
Q

How do mutations occurr

A

By Mutagenic agents eg Radiation, smoking, drugs, vaccine or just by chance

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9
Q

What are the 2 phases of Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription - a copy of one gene is made into mRNA. It travels out of nucleus to a ribosome

Translation - The ribosome reads the code and produces a chain of amino acids to form the required protein

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10
Q

What are the two main types of molecule movement?

A

Passive and Active

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11
Q

What is passive molecule transport?

A

The movement of substances from a high concentration are to a low one. This movement requires no energy

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The movement of small substances from a high to low area of concentration - happens mostly with gases eg oxygen

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14
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The passive movement of water ie to dilates concentrated sols or concentrate diluted sold for balance

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15
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

The movement of larger substances f(eg glucose & charged molecules) rom a high to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

What is active molecule transport?

A

Movement of substances from an area of low to high concentration

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport?

A

Pumps, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

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18
Q

What is Pump Transport?

A

eg movement of molecules up the concentration gradient using a protein pump eg used for used for H+ , K+ and Na+

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19
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Particles are engulfed by the cell
Phagocytosis - cell eating (solids)
Pinocytosis - cell drinking (liquids)

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20
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Removal of waste from the cell

The material fuses with the cell membrane before being excreted / expelled

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21
Q

What is Phago?

A

To eat

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22
Q

What is Pino?

A

To drink

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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24
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers parts of the body
Cells that are closely packed in single or multiple layers
Divided into covering and glandular epithelial
Provides a selective barrier for secretion and protective

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25
Q

What are examples of Epithelial Tissue?

A

Epidermis (skin), digestive tract lining, lungs, hearts, skin, eyes, reproductive organs, urinary tract

26
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Most abundant tissue eg bone. cartilage, blood

It mainly provides a supportive function (bone and cart..) whilst other types are fluid ie blood

27
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

contracts to create movement

28
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

transmits electrical signals round the body

29
Q

What is meaning of epi?

A

covering

30
Q

What is meaning of -thelial

A

layer of cells

31
Q

What are Glands?

A

a single cell or groups of epithelial cells that produce secretions

32
Q

What are the 2 types of glands?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

33
Q

What are Exocrine Glands?

A

Secrete their products into ducts

eg saliva, milk, sebum, sweat and enzymes

34
Q

What are Endocrine Glands?

A

(Think hormones) Enter interstitial fluid and diffuse into blood. These glands produce hormones

35
Q

What are the 2 basic elements connective tissue is formed of?

A

Extracellular Matrix

Cells (that are widely spaced apart

36
Q

Extra?

A

Outside

37
Q

Cellular?

A

Cell

38
Q

What is Extracellular Matric in connective tissue?

A
  • is formed of a ground substance and protein fibres
  • this helps to determine the functionality of the cell
  • contains water, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate
  • the protein fibres are collagen and elastic
39
Q

Connective Tissue - Cells

A

Widely spaced unlike epithelium to include cells that synthesise the protein fibres, white blood cells and fat cells

40
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Protein fibres

41
Q

What are the 2 types of fibres in connective tissue?

A

Collagen and Elastic

42
Q

What are Collagen fibres?

A

Made from protein collagen, are stronger and bigger fibres esp in bone, tendons and ligaments, occur in parallel bundles for extra strength

43
Q

What are Elastic Fibres?

A

Made from protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein to add strength, smaller in diameter, strong but stretchy so as to allow things to return to original shape, think skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue

44
Q

Define adipo?

A

Fat

45
Q

Define Cyte?

A

Cell

46
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Large and most numerous cells
Secrete protein fibres to make collagen and elastic fibres
Active in repair and healing

47
Q

What are Adipocytes?

A

Stores triglycerides (fat)

48
Q

What are White Blood Cells?

A

Macrophages - engulf foreign cells
Lymphocytes - produce antibodies
Mast cells - release inflammatory chemicals

49
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissue?

A

Structural framework (bone, cartilage)
Transport nutrients and wastes (blood)
protection for vital organs (bone, cartilage, adipose)
Provide support and interconnection (tendons, ligament etc)
Insulation (adipose tissue)
Energy store
Production of blood and lymphatic cells (adipose tissue, bone marrow)
Defence and repair (blood and lymph)

50
Q

What are membranes?

A

Combine epithelial and connective tissue

Are flat sheets that cover and line areas of the body

51
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

A

Cutaneous (skin)
Mucous ( a secretion lining)
Serous ( a thin watery fluid) eg around lungs
Synovial - a lubricating fluid) (forms joints eg synovial joints eg elbow, shoulder, hip etc)

52
Q

Role of mucous membrane?

A

Line hollow organs that open to a surface of the body eg they line the entire digestive, respiratory and genito-urinary tract (by producing mucous to protect a lining from harsh environments.

53
Q

Role of Mucous membrane in digestive system?

A

Secrete enzymes needed for digestion and also acts as sites for absorption

54
Q

Role of Mucous in stomach?

A

Its vital, if we lack it a patient can get stomach ulcers. The ph in stomach is typically 2-3 in a healthy individual - this level of acid can burn through wood…. so mucous is needed to protect stomach from eating itself

55
Q

What are Goblet cells?

A

Located in the epithelial layer of mucous membrane, they produce and secrete mucus - a slimy fluid

56
Q

What is the role of Goblet Cells?

A

Protect the lining membrane from mechanical and chemical injury / drying (eg in the stomach)

Trap foreign particles in the respiratory tract (before they are removed by microscopic hairs called cilia - they waft the mucous along..)

57
Q

How many serous membranes are there in the body?

A

Three

58
Q

What are the serous membranes?

A

Pericardium - surrounds the heart

Pleura - Lines the thoracic cavity and surrounds the lungs

Peritoneum - Lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding abdominal organs (and some pelvic organs)

59
Q

What are synovial membranes?

A

These line (joint) cavities of freely-movable joints in the body

60
Q

What do synovial membranes contain?

A

Cells called synoviocytes which secrete synovial fluid

61
Q

What is the role of Synovial fluid?

A

To lubricate and nourish the moveable joint cavities which it bathes

62
Q

What other role do Synovial membranes have?

A

Surrounds tendons that could be injured by rubbing against bones eg over the wrist joint

Biomedicine (7 decks)

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