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Biomedicine > Lecture 1 , Pt 2 - Cytology, Basic Genetics & Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 , Pt 2 - Cytology, Basic Genetics & Histology Flashcards

Cell Division, Mutation, Transportation, Tissues (Histology)

1
Q

Mitosis

A

To copy or clone

A type of cell division that results in 2 identical daughter cells having the same chromosones as the parent

Somatic cells reproduce via mitosis. SOmatic cell has dipolod cell so 46 chromosones

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2
Q

Meiosis

A

Gametes (Sex) Cells are formed through Meiosis.

Process produces 4 non identical Haploid Cells in 2 divisions ie the chromosones overlap

A gametes cell has 2 haploid nucleus which means they have 23 chromosones each

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3
Q

Gamates

A

Female gamate is larger (ovum) and immobile
Male gamate is smaller and moveable (due to tail)
Fusion of the 2 = conception leads to formation of Zygote - a duploid cell.
Zygote then undergoes meiosis and develops to embryo and finally a feotus after 8 weeks

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4
Q

Mutation?

A

A change in genetic information ie DNA

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5
Q

DNA?

A

Consists of various sequences of 4 amino acids, A C T G - a mutation will change the sequence

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6
Q

Gamete Mutation

A

Will be passed on to offspring

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7
Q

Somatic Mutation

A

Cannot be passed on to offsrping

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8
Q

How do mutations occurr

A

By Mutagenic agents eg Radiation, smoking, drugs, vaccine or just by chance

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9
Q

What are the 2 phases of Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription - a copy of one gene is made into mRNA. It travels out of nucleus to a ribosome

Translation - The ribosome reads the code and produces a chain of amino acids to form the required protein

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10
Q

What are the two main types of molecule movement?

A

Passive and Active

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11
Q

What is passive molecule transport?

A

The movement of substances from a high concentration are to a low one. This movement requires no energy

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The movement of small substances from a high to low area of concentration - happens mostly with gases eg oxygen

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14
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The passive movement of water ie to dilates concentrated sols or concentrate diluted sold for balance

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15
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

The movement of larger substances f(eg glucose & charged molecules) rom a high to low concentration with the aid of transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

What is active molecule transport?

A

Movement of substances from an area of low to high concentration

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport?

A

Pumps, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

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18
Q

What is Pump Transport?

A

eg movement of molecules up the concentration gradient using a protein pump eg used for used for H+ , K+ and Na+

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19
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Particles are engulfed by the cell
Phagocytosis - cell eating (solids)
Pinocytosis - cell drinking (liquids)

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20
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Removal of waste from the cell

The material fuses with the cell membrane before being excreted / expelled

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21
Q

What is Phago?

A

To eat

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22
Q

What is Pino?

A

To drink

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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24
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers parts of the body
Cells that are closely packed in single or multiple layers
Divided into covering and glandular epithelial
Provides a selective barrier for secretion and protective

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25
What are examples of Epithelial Tissue?
Epidermis (skin), digestive tract lining, lungs, hearts, skin, eyes, reproductive organs, urinary tract
26
What is connective tissue?
Most abundant tissue eg bone. cartilage, blood | It mainly provides a supportive function (bone and cart..) whilst other types are fluid ie blood
27
What is muscular tissue?
contracts to create movement
28
What is nervous tissue?
transmits electrical signals round the body
29
What is meaning of epi?
covering
30
What is meaning of -thelial
layer of cells
31
What are Glands?
a single cell or groups of epithelial cells that produce secretions
32
What are the 2 types of glands?
Exocrine and Endocrine
33
What are Exocrine Glands?
Secrete their products into ducts | eg saliva, milk, sebum, sweat and enzymes
34
What are Endocrine Glands?
(Think hormones) Enter interstitial fluid and diffuse into blood. These glands produce hormones
35
What are the 2 basic elements connective tissue is formed of?
Extracellular Matrix | Cells (that are widely spaced apart
36
Extra?
Outside
37
Cellular?
Cell
38
What is Extracellular Matric in connective tissue?
- is formed of a ground substance and protein fibres - this helps to determine the functionality of the cell - contains water, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate - the protein fibres are collagen and elastic
39
Connective Tissue - Cells
Widely spaced unlike epithelium to include cells that synthesise the protein fibres, white blood cells and fat cells
40
What do fibroblasts produce?
Protein fibres
41
What are the 2 types of fibres in connective tissue?
Collagen and Elastic
42
What are Collagen fibres?
Made from protein collagen, are stronger and bigger fibres esp in bone, tendons and ligaments, occur in parallel bundles for extra strength
43
What are Elastic Fibres?
Made from protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein to add strength, smaller in diameter, strong but stretchy so as to allow things to return to original shape, think skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue
44
Define adipo?
Fat
45
Define Cyte?
Cell
46
What are fibroblasts?
Large and most numerous cells Secrete protein fibres to make collagen and elastic fibres Active in repair and healing
47
What are Adipocytes?
Stores triglycerides (fat)
48
What are White Blood Cells?
Macrophages - engulf foreign cells Lymphocytes - produce antibodies Mast cells - release inflammatory chemicals
49
What are the functions of Connective Tissue?
Structural framework (bone, cartilage) Transport nutrients and wastes (blood) protection for vital organs (bone, cartilage, adipose) Provide support and interconnection (tendons, ligament etc) Insulation (adipose tissue) Energy store Production of blood and lymphatic cells (adipose tissue, bone marrow) Defence and repair (blood and lymph)
50
What are membranes?
Combine epithelial and connective tissue | Are flat sheets that cover and line areas of the body
51
What are the 4 types of membranes?
Cutaneous (skin) Mucous ( a secretion lining) Serous ( a thin watery fluid) eg around lungs Synovial - a lubricating fluid) (forms joints eg synovial joints eg elbow, shoulder, hip etc)
52
Role of mucous membrane?
Line hollow organs that open to a surface of the body eg they line the entire digestive, respiratory and genito-urinary tract (by producing mucous to protect a lining from harsh environments.
53
Role of Mucous membrane in digestive system?
Secrete enzymes needed for digestion and also acts as sites for absorption
54
Role of Mucous in stomach?
Its vital, if we lack it a patient can get stomach ulcers. The ph in stomach is typically 2-3 in a healthy individual - this level of acid can burn through wood.... so mucous is needed to protect stomach from eating itself
55
What are Goblet cells?
Located in the epithelial layer of mucous membrane, they produce and secrete mucus - a slimy fluid
56
What is the role of Goblet Cells?
Protect the lining membrane from mechanical and chemical injury / drying (eg in the stomach) Trap foreign particles in the respiratory tract (before they are removed by microscopic hairs called cilia - they waft the mucous along..)
57
How many serous membranes are there in the body?
Three
58
What are the serous membranes?
Pericardium - surrounds the heart Pleura - Lines the thoracic cavity and surrounds the lungs Peritoneum - Lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding abdominal organs (and some pelvic organs)
59
What are synovial membranes?
These line (joint) cavities of freely-movable joints in the body
60
What do synovial membranes contain?
Cells called synoviocytes which secrete synovial fluid
61
What is the role of Synovial fluid?
To lubricate and nourish the moveable joint cavities which it bathes
62
What other role do Synovial membranes have?
Surrounds tendons that could be injured by rubbing against bones eg over the wrist joint

Biomedicine (7 decks)

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