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Biomedicine > Lecture 2 , Pt 1 - Terminology, Landmarks & Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 , Pt 1 - Terminology, Landmarks & Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical position?

A

Person stands erect, palm facing forward
Feet parallel, flat on floor
Arms at side

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2
Q

Supine?

A

Lying on back face upwards

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3
Q

Prone?

A

Lying on stomach, face down

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4
Q

Medial?

A

Nearer to Midline

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5
Q

Bilateral?

A

Both Sides

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6
Q

Unilateral?

A

One side

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7
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

On the same side

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8
Q

Contralateral?

A

On the opposite side

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9
Q

Proximal?

A

Nearer to trunk

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10
Q

Distal?

A

Further away from trunk

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11
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Nearer the front

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12
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Nearer to the back

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13
Q

Superior?

A

Towards the top

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14
Q

Inferior?

A

Towards the bottom

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15
Q

How many body planes?

A

3

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16
Q

What are the body planes?

A

Frontal (coronal) - separates body front and back
Sagittal - separates body left and right
Transverse (horizontal) - separates body top and bottom

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17
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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18
Q

Weight of skeleton?

A

18% of body weight

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19
Q

Functions of skeleton?

A

Supports framework for the body
Forms boundaries
Attachment for muscles and tendons
Permits movements - joints
Haemotopoieous - formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow
Mineral homeostasis - (mostly calcium and phosphate)
Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)

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20
Q

How many types of bone cells?

A

4 - Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes & Osteoclasts

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21
Q

Osteogenic Cells?

A

Bone stem cells, the only bone cells to undergo division (producing osteoblasts)

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22
Q

Osteoblasts?

A

Bone building cells, synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix
They are trapped and become osteocytes

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23
Q

Osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are mature bone cells, they maintain the daily metabolism of bone, such as nutrient exchange

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24
Q

Osteoclasts?

A

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50- monocytes (WBCs) (White blood cells)

On facing side of bone surface, the cell membrane is folded into a ruffled border where the cell release lysosomal enzymes and acids which digest bone matrix

Resorption - breakdown of bone matrix

Osteoblasts and clasts work together to remodel bone throughout life. Excess clasts activity leads to loss of bone density

25
Q

Types of bone?

A

Compact and spongy

26
Q

Compact bone

A

80% of skeleton is compact bone

Contains few spaces and is strong

Is found underneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the diaphysis of long bones

Osteon - a structural unit of bone, aligned in the same lines as stress

27
Q

What does an osteon contain?

A

Haversian Canal
Lamellae
Canaliculi
Lacunae

28
Q

Haversian Canal?

A

In compact bone and contains blood vessels and nerves

29
Q

Lamellae?

A

Concentric rings of extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen

30
Q

Canaliculi?

A

A mini system of interconnected canals that provides a route for nutrients / waste

31
Q

Lacunae?

A

Small spaces with osteocytes

32
Q

Spongy Bone? What does it consist of?

A

Contains no osteons, instead consists of irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae that are arranged in lines of stress

Microscopic spaces between the trabec help make the bone lighter and can be filled with bone marrow.

Also contain blood vessels that nourish bone

33
Q

What does Spongy bone make up?

A

The interior of short, flat and irregulal shaped bones and the ends of long bones - it is always covered with compact bone

34
Q

What is bone matrix?

A

An extracellular matrix that surrounds separated cells

35
Q

Calcium Phosphate?

A

Most abundant mineral in bone. It combines with other mineral salts such as magnesium, sulphate and potassium

36
Q

Role of these minerals in bone/

A

they are deposited and crystallise (harden) in the framework formed by collagen fibres of the matrix, think of collagen as the scaffolding). Together these contribute to the hardness of the bone

37
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Greater in length than width

38
Q

Structure of a long bone?

A

Contains a shaft (diaphysis) and has two heads (epiphyses).

Are slightly curved for strength allowing for better force distribution

Contain most compact bone in the dia.. and spongy in the epiph..

39
Q

Examples of long bone?

A

Femur, Tibia, Humerus

40
Q

Role of Epiphysis?

A

Forms the proximal and distal ends of long bones

Are separated from dia.. by the epiph..plate ( a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows dia.. to grow in length

The epiph.. contains a thin outer region of compact bone covered by articular / hyaline cartilage and inner spongy bone with red bone marrow

41
Q

Role of Diaphysis?

A

The tubular shaft covered by periosteum

Contains a central medullary cavity that contains re/yellow bone marrow. All marrow starts of red

42
Q

Periosteum?

A

Surrounds external surface of bone where not covered by cartilage

Hyaline cart replaces periosteum on joint surfaces

a pain sensitive highly vascular membrane that protects bone and serves as attachment for ligaments and tendons

The periosteal arteries enter the diaphysis through many perforating canals, delivering oxygenated blood

43
Q

Structure of perioosteum?

A

Double layered membrane containing

a tough outer fibrous layer that protects bone

an inner osteogenic layer that contains osteoblasts and clasts, assisting in bone growth and repair

44
Q

What are the types of bones?

A 
Short - Carpels, Tarsels
Irregular - Vertbrae
Long - Humerus, Femur
Sesamoid - Patella
Flat - Skull, Scapula
45
Q

Bone formation - when begin and how produced?

A

Begins in foetal development and continues to childhood and adulthood

46
Q

What are the two ossification pathways used to produce bone?

A

Intramembraneous ossification - bone develops from connective tissue sheets - all flat bones eg skull and the clavicles develop this was

Endochondral ossification - bone develops by replacing hyaline cart

47
Q

Endo?

A

Within

48
Q

Chrondal?

A

Cartilage

49
Q

Bone growth -

A

Long bones elongate from the epiphyseal growth plate.

This plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the epiph…where blasts are produced, ossifying the bone matrix

Epiph..plate ossifies around 18-21 age and becomes a thin line

If bone is fractured in earlier age can effect the growth of that bone

Bones can also grow in thickness using oestoblasts in the periosteum and this continues throughout life due to physical stress, muscle activity and weight

50
Q

What do bone hormones do?

A

Affect bone growth and remodelling (density) by altering the ratio of blast to clast activity

Promote blast activity and so bone formation - growth hormone and thyroid hormone, oestrogen and testosterone, calcitonin

Promote clast activity and so bone loss - parathoid hormone, cortisol and steriod medications

51
Q

What is bone homeostasis?

A

Bone balance - they are an important mineral reserve mostly calciuum

52
Q

Hypocalcaemia?

A

Where blood levels are low of calcium - clasts breakdown bone and released calcium into blood

53
Q

Hypercalcaemia?`

A

Where blood calcium levels are high - inc blast activity takes calcium back to the bones, calcium exchange is regulated by the parathyroid glands and the thryoid gland

54
Q

Role of Parathyroid Hormone?

A

Increase activity of clasts - resorption

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb and retain calcium in the blood

Increases formation of calcitriol which promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines

55
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels

It inhibits osteoclasts and promotes blast deposition of calcium to bone

Giving inc bone formation and decreased blood calcium

56
Q

Role of Vitamin D re calcium?

A

Facilitates absorption in the intestines

Vit D3 It works closely with Vit K2 to assist absorption of calcium to blood and activates a protein called osteocalcin which controls utilisation of calcium in the bones

57
Q

Issues of Vit D? Why level decrease ?

A

Levels in body decrease with age likely due to less sunlight exposure, reduced dietary absorption, reduced ability to produce active vit D through the processes in skin, liver and kidneys

High alcohol intake reduces vit D conversion into its active form

Magnesium is a co-factor needed for conversion of Vit D . Many osteoporotic women are deficient in magnesium

58
Q

Impact of Exercise on Bones?

A

Bone can become stronger in response to mechanical stress eg the pull of skeletal muscle and gravity - it leads to increased mineral deposition and increased collagen production

Its important for insuring bone formation occurs quickly than bone resorption

Lack of stress on bones can cause bone mass loss of up to 1% per week eg bedridden patients

Biomedicine (7 decks)

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