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Biomedicine > Lecture 2 , Pt 1 - Terminology, Landmarks & Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 , Pt 1 - Terminology, Landmarks & Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical position?

A

Person stands erect, palm facing forward
Feet parallel, flat on floor
Arms at side

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2
Q

Supine?

A

Lying on back face upwards

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3
Q

Prone?

A

Lying on stomach, face down

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4
Q

Medial?

A

Nearer to Midline

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5
Q

Bilateral?

A

Both Sides

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6
Q

Unilateral?

A

One side

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7
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

On the same side

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8
Q

Contralateral?

A

On the opposite side

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9
Q

Proximal?

A

Nearer to trunk

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10
Q

Distal?

A

Further away from trunk

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11
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Nearer the front

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12
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Nearer to the back

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13
Q

Superior?

A

Towards the top

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14
Q

Inferior?

A

Towards the bottom

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15
Q

How many body planes?

A

3

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16
Q

What are the body planes?

A

Frontal (coronal) - separates body front and back
Sagittal - separates body left and right
Transverse (horizontal) - separates body top and bottom

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17
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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18
Q

Weight of skeleton?

A

18% of body weight

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19
Q

Functions of skeleton?

A

Supports framework for the body
Forms boundaries
Attachment for muscles and tendons
Permits movements - joints
Haemotopoieous - formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow
Mineral homeostasis - (mostly calcium and phosphate)
Triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)

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20
Q

How many types of bone cells?

A

4 - Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes & Osteoclasts

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21
Q

Osteogenic Cells?

A

Bone stem cells, the only bone cells to undergo division (producing osteoblasts)

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22
Q

Osteoblasts?

A

Bone building cells, synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix
They are trapped and become osteocytes

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23
Q

Osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are mature bone cells, they maintain the daily metabolism of bone, such as nutrient exchange

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24
Q

Osteoclasts?

A

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50- monocytes (WBCs) (White blood cells)

On facing side of bone surface, the cell membrane is folded into a ruffled border where the cell release lysosomal enzymes and acids which digest bone matrix

Resorption - breakdown of bone matrix

Osteoblasts and clasts work together to remodel bone throughout life. Excess clasts activity leads to loss of bone density

25
Types of bone?
Compact and spongy
26
Compact bone
80% of skeleton is compact bone Contains few spaces and is strong Is found underneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the diaphysis of long bones Osteon - a structural unit of bone, aligned in the same lines as stress
27
What does an osteon contain?
Haversian Canal Lamellae Canaliculi Lacunae
28
Haversian Canal?
In compact bone and contains blood vessels and nerves
29
Lamellae?
Concentric rings of extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen
30
Canaliculi?
A mini system of interconnected canals that provides a route for nutrients / waste
31
Lacunae?
Small spaces with osteocytes
32
Spongy Bone? What does it consist of?
Contains no osteons, instead consists of irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae that are arranged in lines of stress Microscopic spaces between the trabec help make the bone lighter and can be filled with bone marrow. Also contain blood vessels that nourish bone
33
What does Spongy bone make up?
The interior of short, flat and irregulal shaped bones and the ends of long bones - it is always covered with compact bone
34
What is bone matrix?
An extracellular matrix that surrounds separated cells
35
Calcium Phosphate?
Most abundant mineral in bone. It combines with other mineral salts such as magnesium, sulphate and potassium
36
Role of these minerals in bone/
they are deposited and crystallise (harden) in the framework formed by collagen fibres of the matrix, think of collagen as the scaffolding). Together these contribute to the hardness of the bone
37
What is a long bone?
Greater in length than width
38
Structure of a long bone?
Contains a shaft (diaphysis) and has two heads (epiphyses). Are slightly curved for strength allowing for better force distribution Contain most compact bone in the dia.. and spongy in the epiph..
39
Examples of long bone?
Femur, Tibia, Humerus
40
Role of Epiphysis?
Forms the proximal and distal ends of long bones Are separated from dia.. by the epiph..plate ( a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows dia.. to grow in length The epiph.. contains a thin outer region of compact bone covered by articular / hyaline cartilage and inner spongy bone with red bone marrow
41
Role of Diaphysis?
The tubular shaft covered by periosteum Contains a central medullary cavity that contains re/yellow bone marrow. All marrow starts of red
42
Periosteum?
Surrounds external surface of bone where not covered by cartilage Hyaline cart replaces periosteum on joint surfaces a pain sensitive highly vascular membrane that protects bone and serves as attachment for ligaments and tendons The periosteal arteries enter the diaphysis through many perforating canals, delivering oxygenated blood
43
Structure of perioosteum?
Double layered membrane containing a tough outer fibrous layer that protects bone an inner osteogenic layer that contains osteoblasts and clasts, assisting in bone growth and repair
44
What are the types of bones?
``` Short - Carpels, Tarsels Irregular - Vertbrae Long - Humerus, Femur Sesamoid - Patella Flat - Skull, Scapula ```
45
Bone formation - when begin and how produced?
Begins in foetal development and continues to childhood and adulthood
46
What are the two ossification pathways used to produce bone?
Intramembraneous ossification - bone develops from connective tissue sheets - all flat bones eg skull and the clavicles develop this was Endochondral ossification - bone develops by replacing hyaline cart
47
Endo?
Within
48
Chrondal?
Cartilage
49
Bone growth -
Long bones elongate from the epiphyseal growth plate. This plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the epiph...where blasts are produced, ossifying the bone matrix Epiph..plate ossifies around 18-21 age and becomes a thin line If bone is fractured in earlier age can effect the growth of that bone Bones can also grow in thickness using oestoblasts in the periosteum and this continues throughout life due to physical stress, muscle activity and weight
50
What do bone hormones do?
Affect bone growth and remodelling (density) by altering the ratio of blast to clast activity Promote blast activity and so bone formation - growth hormone and thyroid hormone, oestrogen and testosterone, calcitonin Promote clast activity and so bone loss - parathoid hormone, cortisol and steriod medications
51
What is bone homeostasis?
Bone balance - they are an important mineral reserve mostly calciuum
52
Hypocalcaemia?
Where blood levels are low of calcium - clasts breakdown bone and released calcium into blood
53
Hypercalcaemia?`
Where blood calcium levels are high - inc blast activity takes calcium back to the bones, calcium exchange is regulated by the parathyroid glands and the thryoid gland
54
Role of Parathyroid Hormone?
Increase activity of clasts - resorption Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb and retain calcium in the blood Increases formation of calcitriol which promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines
55
What is calcitonin?
A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels It inhibits osteoclasts and promotes blast deposition of calcium to bone Giving inc bone formation and decreased blood calcium
56
Role of Vitamin D re calcium?
Facilitates absorption in the intestines Vit D3 It works closely with Vit K2 to assist absorption of calcium to blood and activates a protein called osteocalcin which controls utilisation of calcium in the bones
57
Issues of Vit D? Why level decrease ?
Levels in body decrease with age likely due to less sunlight exposure, reduced dietary absorption, reduced ability to produce active vit D through the processes in skin, liver and kidneys High alcohol intake reduces vit D conversion into its active form Magnesium is a co-factor needed for conversion of Vit D . Many osteoporotic women are deficient in magnesium
58
Impact of Exercise on Bones?
Bone can become stronger in response to mechanical stress eg the pull of skeletal muscle and gravity - it leads to increased mineral deposition and increased collagen production Its important for insuring bone formation occurs quickly than bone resorption Lack of stress on bones can cause bone mass loss of up to 1% per week eg bedridden patients

Biomedicine (7 decks)

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