Lecture 2, Pt 2 - Terminology, Landmarks & Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

Answer 1

Axial

Appendicular

Question 2

How many bones in the Axial?

Answer 2

80

Question 3

What does the axial skeleton consist of? What is its purpose?

Answer 3

The central skeleton
Protects the organs
Consists of Skull, Inner Ear Bones, Hyoid, Thoracic cage and vertebral column

Question 4

How are skull bones joined?

Answer 4

Fibrous joints (sutures)

Question 5

What does the Skull form?

Answer 5

The cranium (upper head) and face and encapsulates the brain

Question 6

What are sinuses?

Answer 6

Air-filled cavities in the skull that give resonance to the voice and lightens bones of face and cranium

Question 7

What are fontanelles?

Answer 7

Fibrous sutures (soft spots) on a baby’s head joining the skull bones together. Ossify at 12-18 months, Allows the baby’s head through the birth canal

Question 8

What is the structure of the vertebral column?

Answer 8

24 moveable parts :-
Cervical (7) C1-C7)
Thoracic (12) T1-T12
Lumbar (5) L1-L5)
Sacrum and coccyx (fused bones)

Question 9

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 9

Protect the spinal cord, movement eg side bending, support of skull, forms axis of the trunk

Question 10

What are intervertebral Discs and what do they do?

Answer 10

Discs are shock absorbing structures, 23 of them (none in sacrum) and get thicker lower down

Bind vertebral bodies and separate individual vertebrae

Are most hydrated in the am and in those aged 30-40 and make up one third of the spinal column

Have two parts - annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus the nucleus being like a gel pad

Question 11

What does the Thoracic Cage & Ribs consist of?

Answer 11

Sternum and ribs - 12 pairs

Question 12

Describe the ribs?

Answer 12

First rib sits behind the clavicle in the anterior chest and just superior to clavicle is the apex of lung

Ribs attach to sternum via costal cartlige

Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs as they have no anterior bony attachments just attach posteriorly to vertebrae T11 and 12

Question 13

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 13

The distal skeleton consisting of the limbs

Has 126 bones

Consists of shoulder girdle arm and hand, pelvic girdle leg and foot

Question 14

What is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 14

Hip bones and sacrum, inc the coccyx

Question 15

What are skeletal muscles?

Answer 15

Ones that attach to bone and their subsequent contraction generates movement

Question 16

How are skeletal muscles attached?

Answer 16

Tendon a fibrous structure

Question 17

How many joints in body

Answer 17

187

Question 18

How many types of joints?

Answer 18

3:-

Fibrous, cartilaginous and Synovial

Question 19

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 19

Bones held together tightly permitting limited movement eg sutures in head

Question 20

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 20

Articulating bones connected by cartilage, permit little or no movement eg intervertebral discs, epiphyseal growth plate

Question 21

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 21

Permits the most movement.

Bones at joints are covered by hyaline cart called articular cart to reduce friction and act as shock absorber

Contain synovial fluid mostly hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid filtered from the blood. It has no direct blood supply - they get nutrition from joint movement diffusion

eg shoulder and hip are ball and socket and knee and elbow are hinge

Question 22

What is a bursae?

Answer 22

Closed fluid filled sac located to prevent friction between skin and bone, tendon and bone, muscle and bone or ligament and bone

The inside contains connective tissue fluid similar to synovial fluid

Question 23

Rotation - what type of movement?

Answer 23

Movement around the longitudinal axis

Question 24

Circumduction - what type of movement?

Answer 24

Circular

Question 25

Opposition?

Answer 25

Movement of thumb across palm