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AFAB II > Lecture 3: Muscle/Joint interaction of axial skeleton > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Muscle/Joint interaction of axial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

how does the ventral ramus divide

A

4 major plexi:
-cervical (c1-4)
-thoracic (c5-t1)
-lumbar (12-L4)
-Sacral (L4-S4)

individual intercostal and recurrent meningeal nerves

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2
Q

how does the dorsal ramus branch

A

branches from every spinal root

dermatome across posterior trunk

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3
Q

what is internal torque equal to

A

product of the muscle force and its internal moment arm

I torque = MF + MA

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4
Q

what is the axis of rotation for the axial skeleton

A

T6??

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5
Q

what two factors affect strength of a muscle

A

distance and spatial relationship of the muscles line of force relative to the axis of rotation

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6
Q

describe the force of the external oblique muscle

A

vertical lateral flexion and flexion torque

horizontal force rotation torque

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7
Q

what occurs with bilateral vs unilateral contraction of the external oblique

A

bilateral = pure flexion/ext

unilateral=adds component of lateral flexion/rotation

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8
Q

relative stabilization by external oblique

A

with erector spinae T/S ext or anterior pelvic tilt

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9
Q

superficial layer of the trunk posterior muscles

A

trapezius
lats
rhomboids
levator scapula
serratus anterior

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10
Q

intermediate layer of the trunk posterior muscles

A

serratus posterior superior and inferior

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11
Q

deep layer of the trunk posterior muscles

A

3 groups:

erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis)

transversospinal (semispinalis, multifidi, and rotatores)

short segments group (interspinalis muscles, intertransversarius muscles)

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12
Q

characteristics/landmarks of the erector spinae muscle group

A

ill defined

1 hand from SP

deep to thoracolumbar fascia

common tendon located at sacrum (broad/thick)

gross mvmts vs finer control

large extension torque

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13
Q

general characteristics of the transversospinal group

A

run from TP of one vertebra to SP of more superiorly located vertebra

cranial - medial fibers

bilateral contraction = extension

contralateral RT and lateral flexion

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14
Q

characteristics of the multifidi

A

posterior sacrum to C2

TP to SP one or 2-4 vertebrae above

thickest/most developed in lumbar and has 2/3 muscular stabilizing capacity

fills the space between TP/SP

relatively large CSA

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15
Q

describe the rotatores

A

deepest

most well developed in T/S

goes from the TP to the lamina/base of SP 1-2 vertebra above

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16
Q

characteristics of the short segment group of deep trunk muscles

A

very short
crosses only 1 IV joint

most developed in cervical region

bilateral; blends with interspinous ligament

contribute to EXT (interspinalis) and lateral FLX (intertransversarius)

rich in muscle spindles for sensory feedback

17
Q

what muscles fall into the 2nd group for the anterior lateral trunk

A

rectus abdominus
obliquus externus abdominis
transversus abdominis

18
Q

importance of the anterior lateral trunk muscles

A

support/protect viscera

increase intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure

19
Q

characteristics of the rectus abdominus muscle

A

strap like

longest fascicle length
smallest CSA

intersected by transverse fibrous bands (tendinous insertions)

runs from xiphoid process to the crest of the pubis

connects to 5-7 cartilaginous portion of ribs

20
Q

function of rectus abdominus

A

flexes thorax and upper lumbar spine

tilts pelvis posterior

21
Q

characteristics of external oblique muscle

A

most superficial of lateral muscles

travels inferior and medial

acts as lateral flexor and contralateral rotator

bilateral trunk flexor; posterior tilt of pelvis

22
Q

characteristics of internal oblique

A

deep to EO

largest CSA of abs

travels cranially and medially

ips RT and lat flexion

bilateral flexion of trunk, posterior pelvic tilt, and increases tension in TL fascia

23
Q

describe the transversus abdominis

A

deepest

stabilizes via thoracolumbar fascia

most extensive attachments to thoracolumnbar

runs from ribs to iliac crest to inguinal ligament to TL fascia

24
Q

roles of transversus abdominis

A

stabilization for other ab muscles

increases tension in TL fascia

compresses abdominal cavity

25
Q

describe quadratus lumborum

A

muscle in posterior abdominal wall

attaches to IC and iliolumbar lig

bilateral contraction = ext and vertical stabilization

unilateral = lateral flexion

“hip hiker” muscle

26
Q

where does the iliopsoas run

A

iliacus = fossa to lateral sacrum

psoas = TP T12-L5 and discs

27
Q

iliopsoas action

A

move femur to pelvis or move pelvis to femur

anterior tilt and lumbar ext

lateral flexion of trunk

28
Q

strong bilateral contraction of what 2 muscles provides good stability

A

QL and iliopsoas

29
Q

importance of core stability or lumbopelvic stability

A

intervertebral control

controls lumbopelvic orientation

controls whole nbody equilibrium (keeps COG over base of support)

30
Q

describe short/deep local muscles

A

controls precise alignment and stiffness

high density muscle spindles

varying angles act as guidewires

sail boat analogy

31
Q

describe global extrinsic muscles

A

longer
important torque generators
provide strong links between regions

32
Q

poor activation of what muscle is associated with LBP

A

transversus abdominis

contraction of TA decreases laxity in SI joint much more than the “bracing “ action of the other abdominal muscles

33
Q

what happens to the lumbar multifidus following a low back injury

A

segmental atrophy develops at level of pathology

changes persist beyond time of symptoms

indicates a neurologically mediated process rather than disuse/weakness

34
Q

what are the 2 phases of a full sit up

A

trunk flexion phase = stong activatuion of ab muscles especially rectus abdominis

hip flexion phase = continued activation of abs but more important also the hip flexors

35
Q

clinical notes for sit ups/curl ups

A

curl up is less demanding on hip flexors and requires less lumbar felxion

full sit up puts more pressure in discs and more spine flexion

if abs are weak the hip flexors dominate and the early hip flexion causes a risk of shear

36
Q

pros/cons with the “stoop” lifting

A

long external moment arm of load

greater forces of trunk extensors are needed

compression and shear forces are large

spine flexion poses a risk to discs

37
Q

pros/cons of a squat lift

A

lumbar spine can stay extended

reduced moment arm of load which means less trunk extensor torque

larger demand on knees

requires greater work metabolicallly

38
Q

what mechanical/structural factors favor a herniated NP in L/S

A

preexisting disc degeneration with radial fissures, cracks, or tears in the posterior annulus that allow a path for the flow of nuclear material

sufficiently hydrated nucleus capable of exerting high intradiscal pressure

inability of posterior annulus to resist pressure from the migrating nucleus

sustained or repetitive loading applied over a flexed and rotated spine

AFAB II (14 decks)

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