Lecture 1 Review Flashcards
importance of osteology
provides vertical stability
protects SC
protects ventral and dorsal nerve roots/spinal nerves
sensory information comes from what and connects to what
golgi tendon
skin
muscle spindle
all have connections to alpha motor neuron
characteristics of vertebral body
anterior
primary weight bearing component
what are the posterior elements of vertebrae
i.e. transverse/spinous processes, laminae, and articular processes
characteristics of pedicles
bridge that connects body-posterior elements
thick/strong
transfer muscle forces applied to posterior elements for dispersion across body/disc
how many bony segments are in the spine
33 total
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
which spinal segments are in lordosis/kyphosis
cervical and lumbar = lordosis
thoracic and sacrum = kyphosis
characteristic of the spine as a whole
provides strength/resilience but is vulnerable to shear forces
role/importance of spinal ligamentous support
limit motion
helps maintain natural spinal curves
protect spinal cord/nerve roots by stabilizing spine
each has different strengths/functions
where does ligamentum flavum run, when is it taut, and what is its makeup
runs anterior lamina to posterior lamina; posterior to the spinal cord
taut at end range flexion
made up of 80% elastin
where are the interspinous ligaments, what do they blend with, and what is the fiber direction
located between adjacent spinous processes
deeper area blends with ligamentum flavum that has more elastin
more superficial areas contain more collagen and blends with supraspinous ligament
fiber direction varies
where is the supraspinous ligament, what does it resist, and where is it less developed
between tips of spinous processes
resist separation of processes with flexion
less developed in lumbar spine
describe the intertransverse ligament and where it is taut
thin ligament
taut in contralateral flexion
describe the anterior longitudinal ligament; where does it run and what does it blend with
long, strap like
runs from occiput to sacrum
fibers blend with/reinforce the anterior disc
describe the posterior longitudinal ligament; where does it run, and what does it blend with
on posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
from C2 to the sacrum
blends with and reinforces the posterior disc
describe capsular ligaments (facets)
run the entire rim pf the facets
connect and stabilize
reinforced by multiple muscles
characteristics of ligaments that tell us what they do
collagen/elastin ratio
fiber direction
location relative to axis
usually loose in anatomical position
define neutral zone
amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance from surrounding tissues
increases with injury/degeneration and decreases with muscle force
characteristics of marked/chronic spinal instability
believed to cause further injury to local ligaments
can cause injury to facets, discs, and possible neural structures
can result in loss of pain free motion
severe = surgery
describe the osteological features of the thoracic vertebrae 2-9
downward pointing spinous process
sup/inf articular facets are oriented vertically; usperior faces posterior and inferior faces anterior; all aligned close to frontal plane
pair of costal facets
osteological features of T1 and T10-12
T1 has a full costal attachment and a demi
T10-12 have a full costal attachment
compared bodies of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
C/S = small/oval; C1 has no body; C2 has dens
T/S = larger/heart shaped; costal facets
L/S = largest; kidney shape
compared foramen of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
c/s = triangular
t/s = circular
l/s = flattened triangular
compared transverse processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
c/s= has transverse foramina
t/s= long; has articular facets for ribs
l/s= short with no facts/foramina
compared soinous processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
c/s= most are fork shaped; C1 has no spinosu process
t/s = long; points inferior
l/s= thick; point posterior
key characteristics of lumar region vertebrae
massive and wide bodies
TPs project laterally; 1-4 are thin, 5 is thicker
broad, rectangular SP off lamina
mammillary processes off of superior articular surfaces (posterior)
how are articular facets oriented in lumbar region
vertically
superior is concave and faces medial to medial-posterior
inferior is convex, lateral to anterior lateral
oriented closes to sagittal plane in upper L/S
oriented midway between the saggital and frontal plane in lower L/S
inferior articular process of L5 connects with what
superior articular process of the sacrum
L5-S1 apophyseal joints are oriented in what plane
close to frontal plane
provudes A-P stability to lumbosacral junction
bases/apex of the sacrum face how
base faces superiorly
apex faces inferiorly
anterior edge of sacrum is what
sacral promontory
superior articular surfaces face how
posterior medially
how does the sacrum transfer weight
transfers weight of vertebral column to pelvis
describe the sacrum from childhood to adulthood
as kids each segment is fused by cartilaginous membrane
fuses in adulthood
sacroiliac vs iliosacral joints
sacroiliac = sacrum moving on ilium
iliosacral = ilium moving on sacrum
characteristics of the coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
sacrococcygeal joint
fibrocartilaginous disc
small ligaments
characteristics of the anterior sacrum
anterior surfaces is smooth/concave
posterior wall of the pelvic cavity
4 ventral foramina (for the ventral rami of the sacral plexus)
characteristics of the posterior sacrum
dorsal surface is convex and rough (for muscle attachment)
spinal and lateral tubercles are remnants of spinous and transverse processes
dorsal sacral foramina transmit dosal rami sacral spinal nerve roots
adult spinal cord ends where
L1
3 functional components of intervertenbral joints
TP/SP = mechanical levers for muslces/ligaments
apophyseal joints = guide intervertebral motion
interbody joint = absorb/distribute load, axis of RT, spacer, and passage for nerves
characteristics of apophyseal joints
24 pairs
plane joints
lined with articualr cartilage
acts as mechanical barricade
muscles help control motion
important characteristics of end plates
thin cartilahge caps covering vertebral bodies
surface facing disc = binds to collagen in AF
facing bone = calcifies/weakly bonds to bone
describe IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor
80% load carried on IV joint at L /S
disc = shock absorber
load sharing sysetm of biomechanical interaction of water based NP and annular rings
stretched rings of collagen and elastin create tension to resist/balance force and uniformly transfer force
viscoelastic = flexible at lower loads and more rigid at higher loads
describe the interaction of the rib cage with the throacic region as a whole
relatively rigid rib cage
provides stable base for musculature; protects organs; breathing
stabilized joints with ligaments
40-45 degrees normal kyphosis
orientation of facets in thoracic region
15-25 degrees from vertical
movement limited by costovertebral and costotransverse joints
kinematics present in the thoracic spine
30-40 degrees flexion
15-20 degrees ext
more flexion/ext in lower T/S
RT present at CV joint with rise/lower of rib
avg of 15 degrees
how do ribs move with breathing
inspriation = shaft elevates upward and outward
slight T/S ext with forced inspirtation
slight RT at joints produces a larger displacement at the ribs
describe specific rib movement with elevation
head/neck of rib rotatesstal joint around axis near CV joints
elevated rib creates a twist/torsion in the cartilage associated with the sternocostal joint
facet orientation of lumbar spine
L1-L4 = facets near vertical; sagittal plane bias
L5-S1 junction = facets usually more in frontal plane
40-50 degree lumbar lordosis
how is the base of the sacrum inclined
anteriorly and inferiorly at 40 degrees (angle between horizontal plane and superior surface of sacrum)
LUMBOSACRAL ANGLE
what occurs with anterior pelvic tilt
contraction of hip flexors and back extensors
could be due to hip flexor contracture
what occurs with a posterior pelvic tilt
contraction of the hip extensors and abs
what structures resist shear at L5/S1
disc
capsule of facets
ALL
wide/sturdy facets (frontal plane)
iliolumbar ligaments
all create a resistance force of compression at L5/S1 facets
desribe the iliolumbar ligaments
from the inferior aspect of L4-L5 and quadratus lumborum
inferior to the ilium and anterior to the SI joint and upper lateral sacrum
act as firm anchor between L5 and ilium/sacrum
kinematics of lumbar spine
3 degrees of freedom
45-55 degrees flexion
15-25 degrees extension
5-7 degrees axial RT
20 degree Lateral flx
describe lumbar flexion and key characteristics
sagittal plane dominance due to facet orientation
movement can occur from either end
reverse of lordosis
compression forces shift away from the facets and toward the anterior aspect
stretch posterior ligaments
describe the arthrokinematics of L3-L4 flexion
inferior articular facts of L3 slide superior anterior roughly 5 mm relative to L4
compression forces shift away from facets
describe what components are stretched and/or compressed during lumbar flexion
compression on anterior aspects of the discs and bodies
stretch of posterior ligaments
increase in contact pressure of facets
nucleous pulposus migrates in posterior direction
arthrokinematics of ext with L3/L4 example
inferior articular facets of L3 slide inf/post relative to superior facets of L4
what may occur with hyperextension of the lumbar spine in relation to the lamina
hyperextension can cause the tips of the inferior articular process to contact the adjacent lamina which can cause damage and compress the posterior ligaments
full lumbar extension has been shown to cause what
centralization of symproms
reduce pressure within disc and reduced contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissues
what is lumbopelvic rhythm
kinematic relationship between the spine and the hips during sagittal plane movement
average measurement for lumbopelvic rhythm
45 deg lumbar/60 deg hip (pelvic on femoral)
3 phases of lumbopelvic rhythm
lumbar flexion, lumbar flexion plus hip flexion, and mostly hip flexion
how much axial RT of the lumbar spine is usually present
5-7 degrees each side
describe the movement that take place at the facets of L1-L2 during R lumbar RT
left inferior facet of L1 approximates vs sup facet of L2; R inferior gaps/distracts from the R superior facet of L2
what degree of RT would cause damage at an individual lumbar segment
> 3 degrees at any segment would damage facet surface and tear AF
how much lumbar lateral flexion is present in the spine
20 degrees each side
movement causes slight deformation in the disc
