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AFAB II > Lecture 1 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

importance of osteology

A

provides vertical stability
protects SC
protects ventral and dorsal nerve roots/spinal nerves

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2
Q

sensory information comes from what and connects to what

A

golgi tendon

skin

muscle spindle

all have connections to alpha motor neuron

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3
Q

characteristics of vertebral body

A

anterior

primary weight bearing component

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4
Q

what are the posterior elements of vertebrae

A

i.e. transverse/spinous processes, laminae, and articular processes

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5
Q

characteristics of pedicles

A

bridge that connects body-posterior elements

thick/strong

transfer muscle forces applied to posterior elements for dispersion across body/disc

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6
Q

how many bony segments are in the spine

A

33 total

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

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7
Q

which spinal segments are in lordosis/kyphosis

A

cervical and lumbar = lordosis

thoracic and sacrum = kyphosis

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8
Q

characteristic of the spine as a whole

A

provides strength/resilience but is vulnerable to shear forces

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9
Q

role/importance of spinal ligamentous support

A

limit motion

helps maintain natural spinal curves

protect spinal cord/nerve roots by stabilizing spine

each has different strengths/functions

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10
Q

where does ligamentum flavum run, when is it taut, and what is its makeup

A

runs anterior lamina to posterior lamina; posterior to the spinal cord

taut at end range flexion

made up of 80% elastin

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11
Q

where are the interspinous ligaments, what do they blend with, and what is the fiber direction

A

located between adjacent spinous processes

deeper area blends with ligamentum flavum that has more elastin

more superficial areas contain more collagen and blends with supraspinous ligament

fiber direction varies

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12
Q

where is the supraspinous ligament, what does it resist, and where is it less developed

A

between tips of spinous processes

resist separation of processes with flexion

less developed in lumbar spine

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13
Q

describe the intertransverse ligament and where it is taut

A

thin ligament

taut in contralateral flexion

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14
Q

describe the anterior longitudinal ligament; where does it run and what does it blend with

A

long, strap like

runs from occiput to sacrum

fibers blend with/reinforce the anterior disc

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15
Q

describe the posterior longitudinal ligament; where does it run, and what does it blend with

A

on posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies

from C2 to the sacrum

blends with and reinforces the posterior disc

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16
Q

describe capsular ligaments (facets)

A

run the entire rim pf the facets

connect and stabilize

reinforced by multiple muscles

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17
Q

characteristics of ligaments that tell us what they do

A

collagen/elastin ratio

fiber direction

location relative to axis

usually loose in anatomical position

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18
Q

define neutral zone

A

amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance from surrounding tissues

increases with injury/degeneration and decreases with muscle force

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19
Q

characteristics of marked/chronic spinal instability

A

believed to cause further injury to local ligaments

can cause injury to facets, discs, and possible neural structures

can result in loss of pain free motion

severe = surgery

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20
Q

describe the osteological features of the thoracic vertebrae 2-9

A

downward pointing spinous process

sup/inf articular facets are oriented vertically; usperior faces posterior and inferior faces anterior; all aligned close to frontal plane

pair of costal facets

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21
Q

osteological features of T1 and T10-12

A

T1 has a full costal attachment and a demi

T10-12 have a full costal attachment

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22
Q

compared bodies of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

C/S = small/oval; C1 has no body; C2 has dens

T/S = larger/heart shaped; costal facets

L/S = largest; kidney shape

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23
Q

compared foramen of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

c/s = triangular

t/s = circular

l/s = flattened triangular

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24
Q

compared transverse processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

c/s= has transverse foramina

t/s= long; has articular facets for ribs

l/s= short with no facts/foramina

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25
Q

compared soinous processes of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

A

c/s= most are fork shaped; C1 has no spinosu process

t/s = long; points inferior

l/s= thick; point posterior

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26
Q

key characteristics of lumar region vertebrae

A

massive and wide bodies

TPs project laterally; 1-4 are thin, 5 is thicker

broad, rectangular SP off lamina

mammillary processes off of superior articular surfaces (posterior)

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27
Q

how are articular facets oriented in lumbar region

A

vertically

superior is concave and faces medial to medial-posterior

inferior is convex, lateral to anterior lateral

oriented closes to sagittal plane in upper L/S

oriented midway between the saggital and frontal plane in lower L/S

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28
Q

inferior articular process of L5 connects with what

A

superior articular process of the sacrum

29
Q

L5-S1 apophyseal joints are oriented in what plane

A

close to frontal plane

provudes A-P stability to lumbosacral junction

30
Q

bases/apex of the sacrum face how

A

base faces superiorly

apex faces inferiorly

31
Q

anterior edge of sacrum is what

A

sacral promontory

32
Q

superior articular surfaces face how

A

posterior medially

33
Q

how does the sacrum transfer weight

A

transfers weight of vertebral column to pelvis

34
Q

describe the sacrum from childhood to adulthood

A

as kids each segment is fused by cartilaginous membrane

fuses in adulthood

35
Q

sacroiliac vs iliosacral joints

A

sacroiliac = sacrum moving on ilium

iliosacral = ilium moving on sacrum

36
Q

characteristics of the coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae

sacrococcygeal joint

fibrocartilaginous disc

small ligaments

37
Q

characteristics of the anterior sacrum

A

anterior surfaces is smooth/concave

posterior wall of the pelvic cavity

4 ventral foramina (for the ventral rami of the sacral plexus)

38
Q

characteristics of the posterior sacrum

A

dorsal surface is convex and rough (for muscle attachment)

spinal and lateral tubercles are remnants of spinous and transverse processes

dorsal sacral foramina transmit dosal rami sacral spinal nerve roots

39
Q

adult spinal cord ends where

A

L1

40
Q

3 functional components of intervertenbral joints

A

TP/SP = mechanical levers for muslces/ligaments

apophyseal joints = guide intervertebral motion

interbody joint = absorb/distribute load, axis of RT, spacer, and passage for nerves

41
Q

characteristics of apophyseal joints

A

24 pairs

plane joints

lined with articualr cartilage

acts as mechanical barricade

muscles help control motion

42
Q

important characteristics of end plates

A

thin cartilahge caps covering vertebral bodies

surface facing disc = binds to collagen in AF

facing bone = calcifies/weakly bonds to bone

43
Q

describe IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor

A

80% load carried on IV joint at L /S

disc = shock absorber

load sharing sysetm of biomechanical interaction of water based NP and annular rings

stretched rings of collagen and elastin create tension to resist/balance force and uniformly transfer force

viscoelastic = flexible at lower loads and more rigid at higher loads

44
Q

describe the interaction of the rib cage with the throacic region as a whole

A

relatively rigid rib cage

provides stable base for musculature; protects organs; breathing

stabilized joints with ligaments

40-45 degrees normal kyphosis

45
Q

orientation of facets in thoracic region

A

15-25 degrees from vertical

movement limited by costovertebral and costotransverse joints

46
Q

kinematics present in the thoracic spine

A

30-40 degrees flexion

15-20 degrees ext

more flexion/ext in lower T/S

47
Q

RT present at CV joint with rise/lower of rib

A

avg of 15 degrees

48
Q

how do ribs move with breathing

A

inspriation = shaft elevates upward and outward

slight T/S ext with forced inspirtation

slight RT at joints produces a larger displacement at the ribs

49
Q

describe specific rib movement with elevation

A

head/neck of rib rotatesstal joint around axis near CV joints

elevated rib creates a twist/torsion in the cartilage associated with the sternocostal joint

50
Q

facet orientation of lumbar spine

A

L1-L4 = facets near vertical; sagittal plane bias
L5-S1 junction = facets usually more in frontal plane

40-50 degree lumbar lordosis

51
Q

how is the base of the sacrum inclined

A

anteriorly and inferiorly at 40 degrees (angle between horizontal plane and superior surface of sacrum)

LUMBOSACRAL ANGLE

52
Q

what occurs with anterior pelvic tilt

A

contraction of hip flexors and back extensors

could be due to hip flexor contracture

53
Q

what occurs with a posterior pelvic tilt

A

contraction of the hip extensors and abs

54
Q

what structures resist shear at L5/S1

A

disc
capsule of facets
ALL
wide/sturdy facets (frontal plane)
iliolumbar ligaments

all create a resistance force of compression at L5/S1 facets

55
Q

desribe the iliolumbar ligaments

A

from the inferior aspect of L4-L5 and quadratus lumborum

inferior to the ilium and anterior to the SI joint and upper lateral sacrum

act as firm anchor between L5 and ilium/sacrum

56
Q

kinematics of lumbar spine

A

3 degrees of freedom

45-55 degrees flexion

15-25 degrees extension

5-7 degrees axial RT

20 degree Lateral flx

57
Q

describe lumbar flexion and key characteristics

A

sagittal plane dominance due to facet orientation

movement can occur from either end

reverse of lordosis

compression forces shift away from the facets and toward the anterior aspect

stretch posterior ligaments

58
Q

describe the arthrokinematics of L3-L4 flexion

A

inferior articular facts of L3 slide superior anterior roughly 5 mm relative to L4

compression forces shift away from facets

59
Q

describe what components are stretched and/or compressed during lumbar flexion

A

compression on anterior aspects of the discs and bodies

stretch of posterior ligaments

increase in contact pressure of facets

nucleous pulposus migrates in posterior direction

60
Q

arthrokinematics of ext with L3/L4 example

A

inferior articular facets of L3 slide inf/post relative to superior facets of L4

61
Q

what may occur with hyperextension of the lumbar spine in relation to the lamina

A

hyperextension can cause the tips of the inferior articular process to contact the adjacent lamina which can cause damage and compress the posterior ligaments

62
Q

full lumbar extension has been shown to cause what

A

centralization of symproms

reduce pressure within disc and reduced contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissues

63
Q

what is lumbopelvic rhythm

A

kinematic relationship between the spine and the hips during sagittal plane movement

64
Q

average measurement for lumbopelvic rhythm

A

45 deg lumbar/60 deg hip (pelvic on femoral)

65
Q

3 phases of lumbopelvic rhythm

A

lumbar flexion, lumbar flexion plus hip flexion, and mostly hip flexion

66
Q

how much axial RT of the lumbar spine is usually present

A

5-7 degrees each side

67
Q

describe the movement that take place at the facets of L1-L2 during R lumbar RT

A

left inferior facet of L1 approximates vs sup facet of L2; R inferior gaps/distracts from the R superior facet of L2

68
Q

what degree of RT would cause damage at an individual lumbar segment

A

> 3 degrees at any segment would damage facet surface and tear AF

69
Q

how much lumbar lateral flexion is present in the spine

A

20 degrees each side

movement causes slight deformation in the disc

AFAB II (14 decks)

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