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Musculoskeletal Anatomy II > Lecture 3 - Leg and Foot > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Leg and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What are the motions done by the foot?

A

dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion

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2
Q

Inferior Tibiofibular Joint

A

fibrous syndesmosis joint

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3
Q

What holds the inferior tibiofibular joint together?

A

anterior tibiofibular ligament, posterior tibiofibular ligament and the interosseus membrane.

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4
Q

Ankle joint

A

Hinge type synovial joint between tibia, fibula and talus
Fibula does not bear weight
Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot

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5
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Deltoid ligament

Anterior and Posterior Calcaneofibular ligaments

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6
Q

Deltoid ligament

A

located on the medial ankle, extends from medial malleolus to navicular calcaneus and talus
Resists eversion of foot

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7
Q

Anterior and Posterior Talofibular & Calcaneofibular ligaments

A

located on the lateral ankle

Resists inversion of the foot

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8
Q

Which ankle sprain is most common?

A

Inversion sprain is much more common than eversion. The lateral malleolus is more inferior than the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament is stronger than the lateral ligaments - it is easier to resist eversion of the ankle.

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9
Q

Talo-Calcaneo-Navicular Joint

A

The head of the talus is inserted between navicular and calcaneus

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10
Q

Spring ligament

A

Spans between the calcaneus and navicular, preventing talus from wedging the navicular and calcaneus apart in the talo-calcaneo-navicular joint

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11
Q

Talo-calcaneal (subtalar) joint

A

Talus rests on calcaneus

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12
Q

Which joints allow inversion and eversion?

A

Rotational movement around oblique axis through the talo-calcaneo-navicular and talo-calcaneal joints

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13
Q

Calcaneo-Cuboid Joint ligaments?

A

Long plantar ligament

  • calcaneus to metatarsals 2-5
  • forms tunnel for fibularis longus tendon

Short plantar ligament
-cancaneus to cuboid

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14
Q

Metatarsal-Phalangeal (MTP) Joint ligaments?

A

Deep transverse ligament

-link MTP joints of all 5 digits

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15
Q

Which muscles make up the Anterior group and which nerve innervates them?

A

Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Fibularis Tertius

innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

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16
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

A - dorsiflex, invert foot
O - upper 2/3 tibia; interosseus membrane
I - 1st MT, medial cuneiform
N - deep fibular nerve

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17
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus

A

A: extend hallux and dorsiflex foot
O: fibular, interosseus membrane
I: distal phlanx hallux
N: deep fibular n.

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18
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus

A

A: extend lateral 4 toes, dorsiflex
O: upper 3/4 fibular, interosseus membrane
I: middle and distal phalanges
N: deep fibular nerve

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19
Q

Fibularis Tertius

A

A: dorsiflex and evert foot
O: lower 1/3 fibula
I: 5th metatarsal
N: deep fibular n.

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20
Q

Which muscles are in the lateral group? Which nerve innervates?

A

Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis

Innervated by the superficial fibular
Actions are to evert and plantar flex the foot

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21
Q

Fibularis Longus

A

A: Evert and plantar flex foot
O: upper 2/3 fibula
I: 1st MT, medial cuneiform
N: superficial fibular

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22
Q

Fibularis Brevis

A

A: evert and plantar flex foot
O: lower 1/3 fibula
I: 5th MT
N: superficial fibular

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23
Q

Which muscles are in the Posterior Group and which nerve innervates these?

A

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris (not everyone has a plantaris)

Innervated by the tibial nerve.

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24
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

A: plantar flex foot, flex knee
O: femoral condyles
I: calcaneus
N: tibial nerve

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25
Q

Soleus

A

A: plantar flex foot, maintain standing
O: upper fibula and tibia
I: calcaneus
N: tibial nerve

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26
Q

Plantaris

A

A: plantar flex foot
O: lateral supracondylar ridge
I: calcaneus
N: tibial nerve

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27
Q

Where is the line of gravity for the body?

A

line of gravity lies anterior to rotational axis of knee and ankle
making the body want to fall forward.

28
Q

Standing posture is maintained by which muscles?

A

contraction of the
-soleu (pulling legs posteriorly) and
-erector spinae
Maintain standing posture

29
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus

A

A: flex toes and plantar flex foot
O: tibia
I: distal phalanges
N: tibial

30
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus

A

A: flex hallux and plantar flex foot
O: fibular
I: distal phalanx hallux
N: tibial

31
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

A: invert, plantar flex foot
O: tibia, fibula, IO membrane
I: navicular, calcaneus, cuboid, all cuneiforms, metatarsals 2-4
N: tibial

32
Q

Tom, Dick and Harry is the mnemonic for?

A

device to remember the order of the three tendons of the deep posterior muscles of the leg. Posterior to the medial malleolus.
Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus and Flexor Hallucis Longus

33
Q

Tibialis Posterior has a large inserting tendon where?

A

On the tarsal bones

34
Q

Which tendons cross as they enter the sole of the foot?

A

tendons of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

35
Q

Which muscles plantar flex?

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior, fibularis longus & brevis

36
Q

Which muscles dorsiflex?

A

extensor digitorm longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior, fibularis tertius

37
Q

Which muscles invert the foot?

A

tibialis posterior

tibialis anterior

38
Q

Which muscles evert the foot?

A

fibularis longus & brevis

fibularis tertius

39
Q

Common Fibular Nerve

A

passes around the head of the fibula, through the fibularis longus

40
Q

superficial fibular nerve

A

lateral compartment, innervates fibularis longus and brevis

41
Q

deep fibular nerve

A

innervates anterior compartment

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and brevis

42
Q

Which of the nerves of the leg is commonly injured?

A

the common fibular nerve is commonly injured, foot drop: loss of dorsiflexion and eversion

43
Q

tibial nerve

A

passes between deep and superficial posterior muscles
innervates the posterior compartment
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus - gastrocnemius and soleus

44
Q

What are the two reflexes of the lower limb?

A

patellar reflex tests the L4 nerve

achillies reflex tests the S1 nerve root reflex

45
Q

Anterior muscles of the leg, what are they and what is their dominant action?

A

Anterior muscles: dorsiflex

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

46
Q

Posterior muscles of the leg, what are they and what is their dominant action?

A

Posterior muscles: plantar flex

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus and brevis

47
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

A

A: extend toes
O: dorsal surface of calcaneus
I: proximal phalanges
N: deep fibular nerve

48
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

A

A: extend hallux
O: dorsal surface of calcaneus
I: base of proximal phalanx of big toe
N: deep fibular nerve

49
Q

Plantar Aponeurosis

A

extends from antero-medial calcaneus to heads of metatarsals, continues with fibrous digital sheaths.

Calcaneal spurs (with bursa) can develop here

50
Q

Superficial muscles of the bottom of the foot

A

Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi

51
Q

Abduct Hallucis

A

A: flex, abduct big toe
O: Calcaneus
I: prox phalanx hallux
N: Medial pantar nerve

52
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

A

A: flex lateral 4 toes
O: calcaneus
I: mid phalanx of 4 toes
N: medial plantar nerve

53
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

A: flex abduct 5th toes
O: calcaneus
I: prox phalanx of 5th toe
N: lateral plantar nerve

54
Q

Quadratus Plantae

A

A: flex lateral 4 toes
O: calcaneus
I: tendons of flex digitorum longus
N: lateral plantar nerve

55
Q

Lumbricals

A 
A: extend IP, flex MTP joints
O: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
I: extensor expansions
N: lumbrical 1 - medial plantar
    lumbrical 2,3,4 - lateral plantar
56
Q

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

A

A: flex MTP jt
O: cuboid, lat cuneiform
I: proximal phalanx
N: medial plantar nerve

57
Q

Adductor Hallucis

A

A: flex MTP jt
O: MT for oblique and transverse heads
I: proximal phalanx
N: lateral plantar nerve

58
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi

A

A: flex MTP jt
O: MT 5
I: proximal phalanx
N: lateral plantar nerve

59
Q

Sesamoid bones are embedded within the tendons of which muscle?

A

flexor hallucis brevis

60
Q

Plantar and Dorsal Interossei

A

O: metatarsals
I: prox phalanx, ext explansion
N. Lateral plantar nerve

Action - PAD DAB
plantar adducts, dorsal abducts

61
Q

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

A

innervate muscles on sole of foot
innervate subcutaneously - 3.5 digits (medial)
1.5 digits (lateral)

62
Q

What are the arches of the foot?

A

Medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch

63
Q

Medial longitudinal arch

A

calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 MT
Supported by
CT: plantar apo, spring lig and plantar ligs
muscle: flex hallucis longus, abductor hallucis, tibialis anterior and posterior

64
Q

Lateral longitudinal arch

A

calcaneus, cuboid, lateral 2 MT
Supported by:
CT: plantar apo, long and short plantar ligs
muscles: abductor digiti minimi, fibularis longus, brevis, tertius

65
Q

Transverse Arch

A

cuboid, cuneiforms, 5 MTs
Supported by
CT: deep transverse ligament
muscles: fibularios longus, adductor hallucis

Musculoskeletal Anatomy II (5 decks)

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