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MLS 220 Clinical Lab Operations > Lecture 3 - Laboratory Equipment > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Laboratory Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of using plastic labware

A
  • Less expensive
  • More durable/unbreakable
  • Glass can be damaged by certain chemicals
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2
Q

Disadvantages of using plastic labware

A
  • Permeability to water vapor
  • Evaporation
  • Absorption of dyes, stains, or proteins
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3
Q

Advantages of using glass labware

A
  • Less permeable and less absorption

- Easily washable and reusable

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4
Q

Disadvantages of using glass labware

A
  • More expensive

- May corrode or break over time (some reagents may eat away at glassware)

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5
Q

Borosilicate (Thermal-Resistant) Glass

A

Commercially known as Pyrex, this glass is the most common in laboratory grade glassware.

Resistant to heat, corrosion, and thermal shock.

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6
Q

Alumina-Silicate Glass

A
  • Used for high precision analytical work
  • Radiation resistance
  • Used for optical reflectors and mirrors
  • Not common for lab glassware
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7
Q

Acid-Resistant and Alkali-Resistant Glass

A
  • Used for strong acid and base solutions

- “Soft glass” - much less thermally resistant (compared to borosilicate glass)

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8
Q

Low-Actinic (Amber Colored) Glass

A
  • Reduce the amount of light traveled through them

- Used for light sensitive substances

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9
Q

Flint Glass (soda lime glass)

A
  • Least expensive
  • Low thermal and chemical tolerances
  • Variety of glassware
  • Not generally used for analytical work
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10
Q

Disposable Glass

A
  • Inexpensive
  • Not designed to be washed and reused
  • Test tubes, glass slides, etc.
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11
Q

Accuracy Tolerances - Class A

A

Class A is most accurate for measuring liquids.

Tolerances can be as low as 0.08 mL for a Class A 100 mL flask or pipette.

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12
Q

To Contain “TC”

A

Holds a calibrated volume of liquid

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13
Q

To Deliver “TD”

A

Disperses a calibrated volume of liquid

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14
Q

Examples of containers and receivers

A

Beakers, test tubes, erlenmeyer flasks, reagent bottles.

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15
Q

Examples of Volumetric Ware

A

Pipettes, volumetric flasks, graduated cylinders, burets.

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16
Q

Properties of Beakers

A
  • Wide, straight-sided cylindrical vessel

- Used for general mixing and reagent preparation

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17
Q

Properties of Erlenmeyer Flasks

A

-Used for preparing reagents and titration procedures

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18
Q

Properties of Test Tubes

A
  • Usually disposable

- May be made of borosilicate glass - resistant to thermal shock and chemical reactions or disposable glass

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19
Q

Properties of Reagent Bottles

A
  • Reagents - chemicals used in the testing process
  • Glass or plastic
  • Many different volumes
20
Q

When using volumetric glassware, where should the readings be made?

A

The meniscus of the liquid level.

21
Q

Tolerance

A

Allowable limits within which a volume must lie.

22
Q

Capacity Tolerance of 0.08 mL (100 mL volumetric flask)

A

Allowable limits for the volume of a 100 mL volumetric flask would be 99.92 - 100.08 mL

23
Q

Uses of Volumetric Flask

A

Preparation of reagents or solution that require high accuracy and precision.

24
Q

When would a graduated cylinder be used?

A

To measure volumes of liquids when a high degree of accuracy is less essential (assay/procedure dependent).

25
Q

When would a volumetric pipette be used?

A

To transfer a specific volume from one vessel to another.

26
Q

What are the two volumetric pipettes that are able to deliver multiple different volumes?

A

Serological and Mohr Pipettes

27
Q

Pipettes

A

Instruments used to transfer a specific volume of liquid from one vessel to another.

28
Q

Manual Pipettes

A

Pipettes that require a bulb or other device to manually draw up liquid into the pipette.

29
Q

TD calibrated Volumetric Pipette

A

Calibrated “to deliver” a fixed amount of liquid via drainage. Should NOT be blown out using a bulb.

30
Q

TC calibrated Serological Pipette

A

Calibrated “to contain” a certain amount of liquid. Should be BLOWN OUT using a bulb if entire volume is to be dispensed (TD) double ring

31
Q

Mohr Pipette

A

Similar to serological pipette but not graduated down to the tip. Should not be used to dispense the full volume; no blow out required.

32
Q

Function of Semi-Automated Pipettes

A

Calibrated to draw up a specific volume of liquid using a manually operated plunger. Can be calibrated for one volume or multiple volumes; use of disposable pipettes.

Ex: MLA Pipette, Pipetman Pipette

33
Q

Function of Automated Pipettes

A

Pipettes accurate volumes at the push of a button, but requires disposable pipette tips.

Technology is common in automated analyzers.

34
Q

What are the two types of analytical balances?

A

Two pan manual and electronic.

35
Q

What counterbalance is used in Manual two-pan balances?

A

Weights that correspond to the weight of DI water.

36
Q

What counterbalance is used in electronic analytical balances?

A

Uses electromagnetic force to counterbalance the load.

37
Q

Define Centrifugation

A

Separates solid material from liquid material using gravitational force via rapid spinning

38
Q

Define Precipitate

A

Solid material or sediment packed in the bottom of a centrifuged tube

39
Q

Define Supernatant

A

Liquid/top portion of the centrifuged tube

40
Q

What are the two most common types of centrifuges?

A

Conventional horizontal-head centrifuge and fixed angle-head centrifuge.

41
Q

What is a cytocentrifuge?

A

A centrifuge that spreads a layer of cells across a special slide producing a small sample size.

42
Q

How is centrifuge speed measured?

A

Revolutions per minute (RPM)

43
Q

With respect to force, how can centrifuge speed be measured?

A

Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) (RPMs and centrifugal force generated are expressed as RCF).

44
Q

What is the RPMs of conventional centrifuges?

A

<3,000

45
Q

What is the RPMs of ultracentrifuges?

A

Up to 90,000 RPMs

46
Q

When loading a centrifuge, what is important not to forget?

A

To balance the centrifuge.

MLS 220 Clinical Lab Operations (28 decks)

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