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Anatomy Lectures > Lecture 3- Histology > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of the cell?

A

-All organisms are formed from cell
-cells create tissues and organs
-completes cell division to replicate

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2
Q

What are the functions of the cell?

A

-forms layers to cover surfaces
-storage of nutrients and energy
-produce movement
-create connections
-protect the body from pathogens (WBC)
-communicate information (neurons)
-reproduction

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3
Q

What is the structure of the cell

A

Plasma membrane
cytoplasm (cytosol & organelles)
Nucleus (chromatin)

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4
Q

What are the organelles you need to know?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, microfilament, lysosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome

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5
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes read the genetic instructions encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) and use this information to assemble amino acids in the correct order, forming a protein chain.

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6
Q

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

helps with synthesis and folding an modification of proteins

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7
Q

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Synthesis of lipids
production of steroid hormones from cholesterol
storage and metabolism of calcium ions

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8
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

It transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles

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9
Q

What is the function of the peroxisome?

A

Breakdown of long fatty acid chains through oxidation

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10
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

It digests large molecules, and destroys invading viruses and bacteria

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11
Q

What is the function of the microfilament?

A

To maintain cell shape

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12
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue

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13
Q

What does nervous tissue form?

A

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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14
Q

What are the kinds of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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15
Q

What does connective tissue form?

A

fat and other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon

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16
Q

What does epithelial tissue form?

A

Lining of GI tract organs, hollow organs, skin’s surface

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

-highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix
-polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface
-Attachment to a basement membrane
-Avascular (no blood vessels)
-Regeneration (high regenerative capacity)

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18
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Cover/lining, barrier

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19
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

-physical protection
-selective permeability
-secretion

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20
Q

Where are tight junctions?

A

at the surface

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21
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

To prevent anything from going between cells

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22
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

creates gaps to allow molecules to go from one cell to another

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23
Q

What is the purpose of intercellular junctions?

A

to connect cells together

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24
Q

What are the 3 anchoring junctions?

A

Desmosomes, adherens, hemidemosomes

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25
What is important about adherens?
-lateral surface -goes all the way around the cell -binds to themselves -prevents from detaching
26
How are desmosomes found?
in patches
27
Where are and what do hemidesmosomes?
at basal surface it connect cells to it
28
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Diffusion and Filtration
29
What are the locations of simple squamous epithelium?
lung air sacs (alveoli) lining of blood vessels serous membranes
30
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?
absorption an secretion
31
What are the locations of simple cuboidal epithelium?
kidney tubules and glands
32
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Absorption, secretion, and movement (if ciliated)
33
What are the locations of simple columnar epithelium?
-lining of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (non-ciliated) -Lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)
34
What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
protection and movement (if ciliated)
35
What are the locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
lining of respiratory tract
36
What is the function of Stratified squamous epithelium?
protection
37
What are the locations of stratified squamous epithelium?
Epidermis, lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus and vagina
38
What are the functions of transitional epithelium
distention and relaxation of urinary structures
39
What are the locations of transitional epithelium?
lining of ureters, bladder, and urethra
40
What is part of the glandular epithelium?
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands
41
What are exocrine glands?
Ducts that secrete products onto an epithelial surface
42
What are endocrine glands?
Don't have ducts, cells secrete products into interstitial fluid bloodstream, and forms the endocrine system
43
What are the forms of secretion by the endocrine glands?
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
44
What is merocrine secretion?
secretions come out of glands
45
What is apocrine secretion?
When half of cell is pinched off when secreted
46
What is holocrine secretion?
When the whole cells dies and become secreted
47
What is the structure of connective tissue?
Sparse cells in an extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance)
48
What are the functions of connective tissue?
-physical protection -support and structural framework -binding of structures -storage -transport (blood) -immune protection
49
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue
50
What is in connective tissue proper?
Reticular fibers, adipocytes, mesenchymal cell, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, fibroblast, macrophage, and ground substance
51
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue that
52
What are the typed of loose connective tissue?
areolar, adipose, reticular
53
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
regular, irregular, elastic
54
What are the types of supporting connective tissue?
Cartilage, bone
55
What are the types of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
56
What are the types of bone?
compact and spongy
57
What is in fluid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
58
What is the structure of areolar tissue?
fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance
59
What is the function of areolar tissue?
surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues
60
Where is areolar tissue?
subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin
61
What is the structure of adipose tissue?
adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix
62
What is the function of adipose tissue?
stores energy, protects, cushions, and insulates
63
What is the location of adipose tissue?
surrounds organs, subcutaneous tissue
64
What is the structure of reticular tissue?
white blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance
65
What is the function of reticular tissue?
provides supportive framework
66
What is the location of reticular tissue?
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
67
What is the structure of dense regular connective tissue?
dense, parallel, collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance
68
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
resists stress in one direction
69
What is the location of dense regular connective tissue?
tendons, ligaments
70
What is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue?
collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance
71
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
resists stresses in all directions
72
What is the location of dense irregular connective tissue?
dermis of skin, organ capsules
73
What is the structure of dense elastic tissue?
dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts
74
What is the function of dense elastic tissue?
allows stretching
75
What is the location of dense elastic tissue?
walls of large arteries and airways
76
What is the structure of cartilage?
semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes
77
What is the function of cartilage?
provides support and flexibility, absorbs compression
78
What is the location of cartilage?
ends of long bones, trachea, intervertebral discs, external ear
79
What is the structure of bone?
calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes
80
What is the function of bone?
protection, support, movement, stores calcium
81
What is the location of bone?
bones
82
What is the structure of blood?
contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water based ground substance is called plasma
83
What is the function of blood?
transports gases, nutrients, and waste, participates in immune response and blood clotting
84
What is the location of blood?
blood vessels and heart
85
What is scurvy?
nutritional disorder caused by vitamin c deficiency, normal collagen fibers cannot form, weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa, wounds and fractures don't heal well, prevalent among sailors
86
What is Marfan syndrome?
a genetic disease, has abnormalities in fibrillin, a protein that builds elastic fibers, causes skeletal, cardio, vision, and connective tissue abnormalities, tall and thin with longs legs, arms, fingers, and toes, typically die by age 50 due to heart weakness
87
What is gangrene?
-caused by lack of blood flow that may be due to mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes
88
What does gangrene affect?
limbs, fingers, toes

Anatomy Lectures (6 decks)

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