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Head and Neck > Lecture 3 - Blood vessels > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Route of blood vessels from the heart to the common carotid artery on the right

A
  1. Aortic arch
  2. Brachiocephalic trunk
  3. Common carotid artery
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2
Q

What vessels arise from the subclavian artery

A

Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical artery

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3
Q

At what level does the common carotid artery birfucate

A

C4 - superior border of the thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

Route of the vertebral artery

A
  1. Ascends through the transverse foramina of C7
  2. Subarachnoid space
  3. Passes thorugh the foramen magnum
  4. Joins the vertebral artery of the other side to form the basillar artery
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5
Q

Where does the left common carotid artery arise from?

A

Aortic arch

Longer by 2cm so more easily damaged

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6
Q

Carotid sinus

A

C4 - where the CCA birfucates
ICA more bulbous due to carotid sinus

Stretch sensitive baroreceptors detect arterial BP changes

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7
Q

Carotid massage

A

Alleviate supraventricular tachycardia

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8
Q

How does the internal carotid artery enter the base of the skull?

A

Via the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone

Turns medially and horizontally

Through the cavernous sinus

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9
Q

Thyrocervical branches

A

Ascending and transverse cervical arteries- supply the neck

Suprascapular - supply shoulder

Inferior thyroid - lower pole of the thyroid gland

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10
Q

Common site of atheroma formation in the neck

A

Birfucation of the common carotid artery (C4)

Causes stenosis of the artery and increased pressure

Embolus travels to brain - TIA/ Stroke

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11
Q

When will a balloon stent operation be done

A

If the ICA is narrowed and there is more than 70% blood flow reduction to brain

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12
Q

Carotid body

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors which detect arterial O2

Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

In chronic hypercapnia due to COPD, the carotid body causes the drive for increased ventilation

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13
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

Thin walled plexus of veins in the upper sphenoid bone

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14
Q

What structures run in the cavernous sinus?

A 
Internal carotid artery 
CN III
CN IV
CN Va and vb
CN VI (superior)
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15
Q

Throbus in the cavernous sinus or swelling can present as?

A

Loss of eye movements - CN III, IV, VI

Loss of general sensation in upper face and lips - Va and Vb

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16
Q

Opthalmic artery branches

A

Branch of the ICA gives rise to:

Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Ethmoidal

17
Q

External carotid artery branches

A 
Superior thyroid - thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal - phaynx
Lingual - tongue
Facial - face
Occipital - back of head
Posterior auricular - behind ear
Maxillary - maxilla
Superficial temporal - scalp
18
Q

Why does the scalp bleed profusely if cut

A

Very rich anastomoses of blood vessels

Closely associated with the connective tissue therefore limited constriction

If there is a deep laceration involving the aponeurosis, its pulled in opposite directions therefore stays open

19
Q

Layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis
Loose CT - contains blood vessels
Periosteum
20
Q

Main branches of the maxillary artery

A

Middle meningeal artery

Sphenopalatine

21
Q

Blood supply to the nasal septum

A

Kiesselbach area

  • Septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery (maxillary artery)
  • Anterior ethmoid artery (opthalmic artery)
22
Q

Medical name for nose bleed

A

epitaxis

23
Q

Blood supply to the dura and skull

A

Middle meningeal artery

  • Posterior to the pterion which is the weakest area of the skull
  • Fracture can cause an extradural bleed
24
Q

Superficial veins of the scalp

A

Superficial temporal veins
Occipital veins
Posterior auricular veins

25
Q

Angular vein

A

Formed by the uniting of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins at the medial angle of the eye

Drains into the facial vein

26
Q

Veins that connect the scalp and dural venous sinuses

A

Emissary veins

27
Q

Emissary veins

A

Thin walled
Valveless
Traverse bone to dural venous sinus

Infection from the scalp can spread to the cranial cavity and affect the meninges

28
Q

Venous drainage of the face

A 
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear 
Angular vein 
Superior and inferior labial veins (lips)
Facial vein 
Common facial vein 
IJV
EJV
29
Q

Where do deep facial veins drain into?

A

Pterygoid plexus

  • infection from the facial vein can spread intracranially through the dural venous sinuses e.g. thrombophlebitis
30
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Infected clot can travel intracranially via the facial nerve

31
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A 
Superior saggital sinus
Inferior saggital sinus 
Transverse sinus 
Confluence of sinuses
Sigmoid sinus - continues as the IJV through the jugular foramen 
Cavernous sinus
32
Q

Measuring venous BP

A

Use the right IJV
45 degree angle with head slightly tilted
Pulsation through muscle
Height above sternal angle - above 5 cm

Head and Neck (15 decks)

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