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Head and Neck > Lecture 1 - general organisation > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - general organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

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2
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (Vc)

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3
Q

Differences between the muscles of mastication and muscles of facial expression

A

Muscles of facial expression:

  • Dilators/sphincters
  • Supplied by facial nerve CN VII
  • Attach to bone, skin, fascia of face and other muscles

Muscles of mastication:

  • Supplied by Vc
  • Open and close jaw
  • Act on the TMJ
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4
Q

5 extra-cranial branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular 
Cervical
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5
Q

What can damage the facial nerve in the parotid gland?

A

Tumour causes the parotid gland to enlarge which compresses the facial nerve

Therefore Bell’s palsy

Mumps does not compress the facial nerve

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6
Q

3 branches of the trigeminal nerve and role

A

Opthalmic - sensory
Maxillary - sensory
Mandibular - sensory and motor to muscles of mastication

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7
Q

Difference between the ICA and ECA

A

ECA:
branches in the neck supplies the scalp and face
Superficial

ICA:
does not branch in the neck
supplies the head and neck structures
Deeper

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8
Q

Which nerve receives facial drainage

A

ICA via the facial vein

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9
Q

What is the level of birfucation of the common carotid artery?

A

C4

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10
Q

Is the left or right common carotid artery longer?

A

Left as comes directly off the aorta

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11
Q

Platysma muscle origin, insertion, action and innervation

A

Origin: Clavicle, pec major and acromion

Insertion: Lower margin of the mandible

Action: Tenses skin and depress the corners of the mouth and mandible

Innervation - facial nerve

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12
Q

Features of the platysma muscle

A

Very thin and superficial

Lies in the superficial cervical fascia

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13
Q

Sternocleidomastoid origin, insertion, action and innervation

A

Origin: Mastoid process

Insertion:
1 head - medial clavicle
other head- sternum

Action:
Lateral flexion of head
Tilt chin to controlateral side
Rotation of neck

Innervation: Accessory nerve

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14
Q

Trapezius origin, insertion, action and innervation

A

Origin: Occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line

Insertion: Spinous processes of vertebrae
Lateral 1/3rd of clavicle

Action: Elevate shoulders

Innervation: Accessory nerve

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15
Q

Presentation of accessory nerve damage

A

Wasting away of trapezius muscle

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16
Q

Anterior triangle borders

A

Superiorly: Lower margin of the mandible

Medially: Imaginary midline of neck

Laterally: anterior surface of the SCM

17
Q

Posterior triangle

A

Medially: Posterior surface of the SCM

Laterally: trapezius

Floor- scalene muscles

Inferiorly - clavicle

18
Q

What runs in the posterior triangle

A

Subclavian artery and vein

Brachial plexus trunks

19
Q

Carotid triangle

A

Within the anterior triangle

Superiorly: Posterior belly of diagastric
Laterally: Anterior surface of SCM

Inferiorly: Superior belly of omohyoid

20
Q

What runs through the carotid triangle

A

IJV - catheter and intravenous BP

External Carotid artery - carotid pulse is easier to feel

Carotid sinus- carotid sinus massage - increases parasympathetic drive and decreases sympathetic drive therefore treats supraventricular tachycardia

Vagus and hypoglossal nerve

21
Q

What do the suprahyoids do?

A

Attach to the hyoid bone superiorly
Elevate the hyoid bone
Depress the mandible

22
Q

What do the infrahyoids do?

A

Attach to the hyoid bone inferiorly
Anterior to the thyroid and larynx

Depress the hyoid and stabilise it

23
Q

Name the fascial layers of the neck

A

Superficial cervical fascia

Deep:
Investing fascia 
Pretracheal fascia and buccopharyngeal 
Prevertebral fascia
Carotid sheath
24
Q

Location of the neck

A

From the lower margin of the mandible to the suprasternal notch of the manubrium and upper border of the clavicle

25
Q

What does the superficial cervical fascia contain?

A 
Superficial blood vessels - EJV
Cutaneous nerves
Adipose
Lymph nodes
Platysma

(SCALP)

26
Q

Borders of the investing fascia

A

Superiorly:

  • Lower margin of the mandible
  • Mastoid process
  • Superior nuchal line
  • External occipital protuberance
  • Spinous processes of vertebrae
  • Ligamentum nuchae

Inferiorly:

  • Upper border of the manubrium
  • Upper surface of the clavicle
  • Acromion
  • Spine of the scapula
27
Q

What does the investing fascia enclose

A

Trapezius
SCM
Submandibular and parotid salivary glands

28
Q

What are the two layers of the pretracheal fascia and what do they enclose

A

Muscular layer - infrahyopids

Visceral layer - thyroid gland, trachea, oesophagus, pharynx and larynx

29
Q

Margins of the pretracheal fascia

A

Superior and anterior surface of the hyoid bone

Blends with the pericardium

30
Q

Buccopharyngeal fascia

A

Posterior layer of pretracheal fascia behind the oesophagus

From base of skull to the diaphragm

31
Q

Prevertebral fascia margins

A

Base of the cranium to T3

Extends laterally as the axillary sheath surrounding the axillary vessels and brachial plexus

32
Q

What doe the prevertebral fascia enclose

A

The muscles of the back and the vertebral column

33
Q

Risks of the retropharyngeal space

A

Extends to the mediastinum

Potential space for infections to spread to the mediastinum and cause mediastinitis secondary to URTI

Most common in children under 5 as space contains lymphnodes that drain the oral and nasal pharynx

34
Q

Presentation of a retropharyngeal abscess

A 
Visible bulge on the oropharynx
Sore throat 
Dysphagia
Stridor 
High temperature 
Reluctance to move neck
35
Q

Carotid sheath margins

A

From base of the skull to the arch of the aorta (adventitia)

36
Q

Contents in the carotid sheath

A

IJV
Vagus nerve
Common carotid artery

Head and Neck (15 decks)

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