Lecture 3- Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are the four biological macromolecules?
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids
What are the seven main biological functional groups?
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, & methyl
What are the most common secondary structure proteins?
Alpha-helices & beta-pleated sheets
What type of bonds are present in secondary structure proteins?
Hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains
Where are primary structure proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
What is dehydration synthesis?
Formation of polymers by the removal of water
What is hydrolysis?
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones by addition of water
Which of the seven main biological functional groups are basic?
Amino group
Which of the seven main biological functional groups are nonpolar/hydrophobic?
Methyl group
What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharide → disaccharide → polysaccharide
What are the monomers and polymers of proteins?
Amino acids → polypeptides → proteins
What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?
Glycerol + fatty acids → no true polymer
What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?
Nitrogenous base + phosphate + pentose sugar → nucleotides → DNA/RNA
What type of bonds are formed between two carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkage
What type of bonds are formed between two amino acids?
Peptide bond (covalent)
How do amino acids bond to one another?
Dehydration synthesis between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
What type of bonds are formed between nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bonds
What type of bonds are formed between lipids?
Ester linkages
What is the name of an enzyme involved in dehydration synthesis?
Dehydrogenase
What is the name of an enzyme involved in hydrolysis?
Hydrolase
Which two sugars combine to form sucrose?
Glucose + fructose
What are two storage polysaccharides made from alpha-glucose?
Starch & glycogen
What are two structural polysaccharides made from beta-glucose?
Cellulose & chitin
What are phospholipids composed of?
Hydrophilic phosphate head + glycerol backbone + hydrophobic fatty acid tails
